Literature Review on Breast Cancer Research

Literature Review on embrace pubic lo consumption ResearchAashiyana Vadsariya portal Evaluation is a treat of limited reviewing of any political program, project or policy, its design and results. The main objective of insideng rating is to measure the impressiveness of the course of instruction or policy, its disturb and sustainability. Evaluation helps to solve the problem as sanitary as to build the knowledge and it enhances the decision making border and thus evaluation is an important split up of eccentric progress (The health Foundation, 2015).There be opposite types of evaluation such as plastic evaluation, return evaluation, process evaluation, touch on evaluation and frugal evaluation which can be conducted to ensure curriculum activities. More all over, vigorous evaluation translates not only about intervention that is worked but it likewise imbibes why and how that allows an person to discover new interventions in healthcare settings. Addi tionally, it involves ethical approval, collection and abridgment of in miscellanyation (Centre for Disease mode sum up and Prevention, 2015).Background of the submitAccording to Ministry of Health (2015), Breast genus crabmeat is the third most common malignant neoplastic indisposition in New Zealand. It causes more than 600 deaths every year. Breast crab louse is most common over the grow of 50 and find of developing knocker genus Cancer increases as age increases. Approximate 80% of women are over 50 years of age who died because of knocker crabby person. There are 8 cases diagnosed with detractor pubic louse every day, out of them 1 will be Maori and pacific women who are at higher risk of dying from look cancer. Maori women are more likely to develop chest of drawers cancer about 33% than non-Maori women (The New Zealand Breast Cancer Foundation, 2013). case Breast Cancer Foundation describes certain risk factors which increases the casualty of developing c ancer such as age, gender, positive family history, personal health history and genetic factors. Ministry of Health have started the course called Breast Cancer Screen Aotearoa to fight against depreciator cancer by providing unloosen knocker blanket to the women aged 45-69 years of age. The main objective of this programme is to sheer number of deaths from pinhead cancer by providing them regular screen (National display Unit, 2014).This paper will critically evaluate cardinal (5) enquiry papers of breast cancer that were published worldwide focusing on their significance, methodology and quality and will analyse the quadruple (4) audit and evaluation processes and approaches such as outcome, process, impact, economic evaluation from the evaluated breast cancer research papers. frugal evaluation of the breast cancer masking programme in the Basque hoidenish backward woo- intensity level and budget impact compend.This field of nurture evaluated the breast cancer ea rly detection programme in Basque country in relation to cost effectiveness and budget impact from 1996 to 2011. The researcher has used existence level and single age group analysis methodology. Annual costs were taken into consideration for budget impact analysis. The results of this study showed that total cost of breast cancer screening program was 1,127 million euros and 6.7 million QALYs over the lifetime of the target population, bringing about a pickup of 8,666 QALYs for an extra cost of 36.4 million euros (Arrospide, grief Van Ravesteyn et al., 2016).The researcher has finally summed up that the breast screening programme ran in Basque country was cost effective and as per take rootd budget impact. This study contributes to measure cost effectiveness of this breast cancer screening programme and evaluate its budget in order to decide the future of this programme.A review of breast cancer sentience among women in India Cancer literate or cognisance deficit?This stud y was conducted to assess the level of awareness about risk factors leads to breast cancer in Indian women and healthcare professionals through literature review. The researcher used bibliographic databases such as MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Cochrane database of systematic reviews and Cumulative ability to Nursing and Allied Health. The findings of the research suggested that total 7066 number of women between ages of 15-70 years reflected different level of awareness on risk factors such as family history (13-58%), obesity (11-50%) and reproductive history around 1-88% (Gupta, Shridhar Dhillon, 2015). downhearted cancer literacy on risk factors of breast cancer among Indian women and healthcare professional noted during research process irrespective of their socio-economic status and education was (Gupta, Shridhar Dhillon, 2015). This study contributes to aware the nation about programmes and to improve the cancer literacy rate in India by engaging various stakeholders of society and heal th system.National Breast Cancer top Programme, Singapore Evaluation of troth and execution of instrument indicators.The researcher evaluated participation judge and performance indicators in the National Breast Cancer screening programme in Singapore during this study. This study involved the use of retrospective evaluation approach by using the BSS system and the Singapore Cancer Registry data on women aged 40-69 screened in period of 2002-2009. The results showed that participation rate was more than 10% since 2005 and performance indicators (such as screen detection rates, small tumour detection rates, recall rates, accuracy and interval cancer rates were improved from 2002-2006 to 2007-2009 (Loy, Molinar Chow, 2015).This study indicated that there is room for improvement in participation rate in breast cancer screening in Singapore by providing screening packages, reducing screening cost and targeting underserved populations. This study contributes to improve the participa tion rate of breast cancer screening programme for the effectiveness of the BreastScreen Singapore by providing training opportunities to the healthcare professionals. shock absorber of mammographic screening on ethnic and socioeconomic inequities in breast cancer stage at diagnosing and survival in New Zealand a cohort study.This study was conducted to determine the impact of differences in rates of mammographic screening on inequities in cancer stage at diagnosis and survival between Maori and Pakeha women. The researcher used Waikato Breast Cancer Register and the National Screening Database to comparability the data for diagnosis and survival between screen detected and non screen detected breast cancer by socio-economic status and ethnicity. The results indicated that there were lower rate of screen detected cancer in Maori women and also they had lower 10 year breast cancer survival rate as compared to Pakeha women (46.5% vs. 73.2%) (Seneviratne, Campbell Scott, et al., 2015 ).The study mulish that lower rate of screening detected breast cancer was the important reason for lower rate of survival for Maori women in comparison to European women. This study contributes to assess the screening rates, to improve the survival for Maori women and to reduce inequity for the breast cancer survival among Maori and New Zealand European women.An ongoing case-control study to evaluate the NHS breast screening programmeThis research was carried out to evaluate the national breast screening programme in England. This study estimated the effects of the national breast screening programme in regards to breast cancer relative incidence, fatality rate and over-diagnosis of breast cancer. The researcher has used quantitative methodology and retrospective case control study to describe the policy on mammographic screening. The findings suggested that there is decrease in incidence by screening, excess risk of disease in screened ages from 47-54 years and potential defici t in risk seen between the ages of 65-69 years up to 15 years of screening (Massat, Sasieni Parmar et al., 2013).This research concluded that case control evaluation strategy relates the clinical endpoints to the screening history. This study contributes to measure the effectiveness of the national breast screening programme in England, benefits on mortality from and on incidence of invasive primary breast cancer and harms from over-diagnosis.Audit and Evaluation processesEconomic evaluation of the breast cancer screening programme in the Basque Country retrospective cost-effectiveness and budget impact analysis.Economic evaluation is one of the most important forms of evaluation which measures the expenditure and their consequences and also describes about allocation of the resources (Cunningham, 2000). In this research, the researcher has used economic evaluation to measure cost effectiveness of the breast cancer screening programme in the Basque Country from 1996 to 2011. This study was mainly based on budget impact analysis and retrospective cost effectiveness evaluation to determine what resources are being used in programme and their costs as compare to outcomes (Arrospide, Rue Van Ravesteyn et al., 2016).Economic evaluation in this research took a step back and looked objectively in context to appropriate role and use of cost effective analysis in order to determine the outcome of the breast cancer screening programme. This research revealed that the breast screening programme was found to be cost effective within determined budget impact (Arrospide, Rue Van Ravesteyn et al., 2016).A review of breast cancer awareness among women in India Cancer literate or awareness deficit?Outcome evaluation identifies the effects of the programme in target populations by reviewing effectiveness of programme (Centre of Disease tick and Prevention, 2015).The researcher used outcome evaluation to determine awareness levels of risk factors for breast cancer among wom en and healthcare professional in India. This outcome evaluation was undertaken through a structured literature review by using bibliographic databases journals (Gupta, Shridhar Dhillon, 2015).The main settle of this outcome evaluation in this study was to assess the cancer literacy among women in India because of the rising incidence and mortality rates from breast cancer. Furthermore, the researcher concluded that there was a low literacy rate among Indian women regarding risk factors that causes breast cancer through this evaluation study (Gupta, Shridhar Dhillon, 2015).National Breast Cancer Screening Programme, Singapore Evaluation of participation and performance indicators. edge evaluation was conducted to assess how this breast screening programme is being implemented whereas outcome evaluation was conducted to measure the outcome and effectiveness of this programme (NYS Health Foundation, 2016). The researcher used outcome and process evaluation to evaluate the participa tion rates and performance indicators in the National Breast Cancer Screening programme in Singapore. Data was collected on women aged 40-69 screened during period of 2002-2009 from the BreastScreen Singapore and Singapore Cancer Registry (Loy, Molinar Chow, 2015). border and outcome evaluation was helpful to determine the rate of participation and performance indicators, to measure the quality of the programme delivered and to assess the effectiveness of the breast screen Singapore programme. This evaluation allows researcher to hit the books the performance of this Breast Screen Singapore programme and to recommend further changes if required.Impact of mammographic screening on ethnic and socioeconomic inequities in breast cancer stage at diagnosis and survival in New Zealand a cohort study.Impact evaluation measures whether the programme is effective in achieving its goal or not. Generally, it identifies long term effects and changes in outcome based on cause and effect analysi s (Collins, 2017). The researcher utilised impact evaluation to determine the impact of mammographic screening on ethnic and socio economic inequities in breast cancer stage at diagnosis and survival between Maori and European women. The researcher collected data by using National Screening Database and Waikato Breast cancer Register (Seneviratne, Campbell Scott, et al., 2015).Impact evaluation was carried out to measure the impact of screening programme on ethnic and socio economic inequities for breast cancer survival rate which can be useful for government to take necessary actions and to form policies in healthcare settings to reduce inequalities in health.An ongoing case-control study to evaluate the NHS breast screening programmeProcess evaluation determines the effectiveness of the programme and how well the programme is working (Community Interventions for Health, 2017). The researcher used process and impact evaluation to evaluate the national breast screening programme in England. Impact evaluation was helpful to identify the impact of breast cancer screening on breast cancer incidence and mortality. Data was gathered by traditional retrospective case control study of deaths and incidences cases of breast cancer in England within 2 years of period during this ongoing evaluation (Massat, Sasieni Parmar et al., 2013).The main purpose of impact evaluation is to see that breast cancer screening programme is working effectively and is doing well than harm. Process evaluation can help to ensure that the breast screening programme continues to deliver the predicted health benefits and potentially improve the programme by assessing the good and bad practices.Evaluative ModelThe (CIPP) fabric The CIPP evaluation baffle is developed by Stufflebeam in 1983 which provides comprehensive framework for the evaluation of the programmes. The CIPP model consists of four components which are context, Input, Process and product evaluation. The CIPP model mainly focu ses on improvement of the programme rather than justifying about the programme. The main purpose of this CIPP model is to offer critical and rational basis for the programme decision making by applying different aspects of this evaluation model according to the needs of decision makers and programme activities based on the planning and executing for the continuous improvement of the programme (Kellaghan Stufflebeam, 2003).The context, input and process evaluation approach are based on formative evaluation whereas product approach is useful for summative evaluation study. The four elements of the evaluation model must be taken into consideration otherwise it could reduce the effectiveness of the project. The context evaluation study can be conducted when a new programme is being planned which helps to identify the program goals and objectives by assessing needs whereas the input evaluation study can be conducted during resource allocation to assess the feasibility or the cost effe ctiveness of the alternate approaches. It provides systematic approach to programme design and helps the evaluators and experts to develop the programme which is most likely to work better (Frye Hemmer, 2012).Source Adapted from Stufflebeams CIPP Evaluation Model (1983). Retrieved from http//arcmit01.uncw.edu/jonesi/Evaluation.htmlThe process evaluation helps the evaluators and stakeholders to assess the implementation of the programme and to interpret the outcomes of the programme through document review, observation and participant interview. On the other hand, the product evaluation is similar to outcome evaluation which focuses on assessing the outcomes of the programme including positive or negative, short term or long term outcomes. In general, the CIPP model provides information about improvement of the programme, interpretation of the programme outcomes and information for accountability. However, careful planning is needed while applying this model. This model is useful fo r retrospective evaluation of a completed programme (Kellaghan Stufflebeam, 2003).This evaluation model can contribute to measure the effectiveness of the breast cancer screening programme run by Ministry of Health in New Zealand. The four elements of the model can be used to improve the programme by identifying the non-compliance of women for the breast screening programme. Auditing and evaluating the breast cancer screening programme helps to know the barriers and promote the awareness regarding breast cancer to provide living organism quality care services to the New Zealanders. Furthermore, staying healthier is one of priorities of the Ministry of health. It can be achieved through evaluating the programme and implementing a change accordingly if needed.Conclusion Evaluation research is an essential tool to evaluate the effectiveness of the programme or to know how well the programme is working. Evaluation research helps managers and stakeholders of the organisation to improve the performance of the organisation and to provide the quality care health services. Staff and clients can be encouraged to provide useful feedback about the programme which helps in decision making and policy formation about the programme and thus improving the services provided by organisation.ReferencesArrospide, A., Rue, M., Van Ravesteyn, N. T., Comas, M., Soto-Gordoa, M., Sarriugarte, G., Mar, J. (2016). Economic evaluation of the breast cancer screening programme in the Basque Country retrospective cost-effectiveness and budget impact analysis. BMC Cancer, 16(1). doi10.1186/s12885-016- 2386-yCentre for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). Types of evaluation. Retrieved from https//www.cdc.gov/std/Program/pupestd/Types%20of%20Evaluation.pdfCollins, K.B. (2017). What is Impact Evaluation. Retrieved from http//programs.online.american.edu/online-graduate-certificates/project- monitoring/resource/what-is-impact-evaluationCommunity Interventions for Health. (2017). Process Ev aluation. Retrieved from http//www.oxha.org/cih_manual/index.php/process-evaluationCunningham, S.J. (2000). Economics Economic evaluation of healthcare is it important to us? Retrieved from http//www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v188/n5/full/4800444a.htmlFrye, A. W., Hemmer, P. A. (2012). Program evaluation models and related theories AMEE Guide No. 67. health check Teacher, 34(5), e288-e299. doi10.3109/0142159x.2012.66863Gupta, A., Shridhar, K., Dhillon, P. (2015). A review of breast cancer awareness among women in India Cancer literate or awareness deficit? European Journal of Cancer, 51(14), 2058-2066. doi10.1016/j.ejca.2015.07.008Kellaghan, T., Stufflebeam, D. L. (2003). International handbook of educational evaluation. Dordrecht Kluwer Academic Publishers. Retrieved from http//link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-010-0309-4_4Loy, E. Y., Molinar, D., Chow, K. Y., Fock, C. (2015). National Breast Cancer Screening Programme, Singapore Evaluation of participation and performa nce indicators. Journal of Medical Screening, 22(4), 194-200. doi10.1177/0969141315589644Massat, N. J., Sasieni, P. D., Parmar, D., Duffy, S. W. (2013). An ongoing case- control study to evaluate the NHS breast screening programme. BMC Cancer, 13(1). doi10.1186/1471-2407-13-596Ministry of Health. (2015). Breast Cancer. Retrieved from http//www.health.govt.nz/your-health/conditions-and-treatments/diseases- and-illnesses/breast-cancerNational Screening Unit. (2014). BreastScreen Aotearoa. Retrieved from https//www.nsu.govt.nz/breastscreen-aotearoa/about-breast-screening- programmeNYS Health Foundation. (2016). Process Evaluation. Retrieved from http//nyshealthfoundation.org/our-grantees/grantee-resources/process- evaluationSeneviratne, S., Campbell, I., Scott, N., Shirley, R., Lawrenson, R. (2015). Impact of mammographic screening on ethnic and socioeconomic inequities in breast cancer stage at diagnosis and survival in New Zealand a cohort study. BMC Public Health, 15(1). doi10.118 6/s12889-015-1383-4The Health Foundation. (2015). Evaluation what to consider. Retrieved from http//www.health.org.uk/sites/health/files/EvaluationWhatToConsider.pdfThe New Zealand Breast Cancer Foundation. (2013). New Zealand Breast Cancer Facts. Retrieved from http//nzbcf.org.nz/BREASTCANCER/Overview/BreastCancerinNZ/Fastfacts.a spx