Monitoring Employees on Networks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Monitoring Employees on Networks - Essay ExampleOrganizations must be cautious most the plightees use of e-mail because it might cause the confidential matters to be disclosed to public or competitors. An employ after leaving the organization can misuse the facility for spoiling the reputation of the company.Instant pass on plays a vital role in organizations crucial period. It can boost national and international networks to meet certain challenges or emergencies. The major advantage of the instant messaging is that managers can in effect interact with their employees and vise versa. However, instant message might lead to quick and faulty decisions without evaluating the real facts. In addition, it might to a fault cause employees to pass messages for creating unfair coalitions that might damage the integrity of the organization.The technology pass on help an organization to collect information on various aspects to update its functions for being competent. It will also help or ganizations to learn about the latest developments and trends for designing new

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 26

History - Essay ExampleThis essay focuses on the emergence of classical era across Eurasia through its impact on the social and cultural practices.The document provides or demonstrates the emergence of different purifications that characterize Eurasian people. In addition, the document responds to issues concerning the differences and similarities of cultures across europium and south tocopherol Asia. According to the reading, the emergency of classical age is based on the findings of great scholars that were embraced across Asia and Europe. For instance, Greek is cognise to have been the home to great scholars such as Socrates. On the otherwise hand, the emergence of Chinese culture is based on the teachings of Confucius (551- 479 B.C.E) (Strayer 217). Their disciples carried teachings of great scholars and philosophers across generations and this become the basis of classical civilization.It is believed that classical scholars were more than middling truth-seekers to their s ocieties. In some civilizations such as those in the Far East, philosophers took the positions of God. The link between philosophy and morality is also a crucial aspect of classical civilization. Although the question of origin of humanity and life characterized other ancient civilizations, it became a epochal issue during the classical era. This aspect made classical civilization to be chartered by search for truth. Among the most outstanding religious teachings were Christianity, Buddhism, and Confucius. In addition, scholars of classical civilization correspond a religious faith or a school of thoughts.Although the quest for knowledge was a significant aspect of classical civilization, people also developed the desire for material prosperity. Expansion of territories was a significant aspect of the era. Integration of communities was the main element applied in expansion of territories that spread across Europe and south East Asia. This indicated the need

Rhetorical Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Rhetorical Argument - Essay shellLamar provides suggestions on how a 3-year college degree is efficient in terms of educational and cost. On the other hand, the authors of Whats College for Anyway give similar sen condemnationnts. The authors believe that college time should be reduced but they have been neat to point out international students who might be required to take a little endless due to language barrier and acclimatization reasons. James Altucher the author of Skip lambskin, 8 alternatives to college begins with a report on how he used his college fee to buy a cable car only to return the car and join a college. He regrets this decision and cites reasons such as costs of education and time consumed in college as his reasons for regret. He therefore does not want other students to go through what he went through and provides them with 8 alternatives for college. Ironically, he gives reasons such as travelling around, creating an art, make people laugh, write a book as some of his alternatives. Jacques Steinberg is the author of Plan B, Skip College. He reviews some of the professors and University presidents regarding this issue. ... The paper reviews their thoughts and offers analytical recommendation and conclusion regarding their debates. Thesis Statement There has been a lot of controversy regarding the time college students should kick the bucket in colleges and in the universities. There has also been a major concern regarding the quality of education in American colleges and Universities. Moreover, many critics believe that a four years education c atomic number 18er at the university or the college is so expensive. Most of the scholars argue against the traditional 4 years and thinks that this time should be reduced to 3 years. I believe that college and university time should be reduced to three years instead of the traditional and touch on four years. Will this provide America with the fresh, energetic and skilled labor that it is lac king? Skip the Diploma According to the author of Skip the Diploma 8 alternatives to college, James Altucher, attending college has made him regret his life. He gives 8 alternatives for attaining a diploma in a college. It is quite challenging to realize that most of the scholars are against attending colleges and give options for business as a way of living (James Altucher). The US government has been assay with a shortage of skilled labor for quite a long time and the country depends on foreign labor in order to meet its demands. For this reason, questions have been raised on whether to shorten colleges and university sequence in order to meet this demand. President Obama recently gave a proposal of an extended education a view, which has not been received well and has been criticized by most scholars and policy makers in the US. There have been concerns about(predicate) the quality of education US has been producing. US is one of the economic giants in the world and

Unpaid internship argument essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Unpaid internship argument - Essay Examplespending expeditious summer vacation becomes a duty for scholars. galore(postnominal) companies required high expectation of specifications from learners. To fill disclose owns resume blanks, students need to invest their vacation for their future. Commonly, they are looking for volunteer jobs or internships. Especially, internship is a in truth attractive title for ones resume and career experience. However, unfortunately, in this tough reality, the purpose of internship has been changed. Many companies and institutions offer outstanding internships for photocopying or making coffee. It is hard to expect real tasks as an intern. Moreover, through unpaid internship, it would bring many economic problems on individual interns to our society. Unpaid internship is just a way for companies to allow free workforces. Companies and institutions use students future to satisfy their own profits and it will evil economy and education markets in our society.Unpaid internship realistically is not designed for common students who have loans and debts. In NYC, a city that offers many unpaid internships but also one of high inflation cities in America, many unpaid interns are suffering because of this unrealistic opportunity. However, there are some students who are in reality suitable for unpaid internships. Their common factor is rich. For example, to do unpaid internship at the White House, a student is required to get financial support from the home front. Living in Washington, one of expensive cites in America, is not easy for common students if they are not living in Washington, the costs are increase because they need to pay for a rent, transportation, and food, etc. However, the rich students dont even consider this inquires. This banquet between these students are called blatant class discrimination.(Lind) In reality, college tuition has been increased with the percentage of students loans. Moreover, to get a fine j ob, students unavoidably

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

Project Management - Essay ExampleSome of the cost are administrative, utility bills, etc. this cost are involved in the budget preparation using an agreed rate stating that collateral cost not to exceed a given percentageage of the hit cost, most project engagement 15 percent.No, because other costs e.g. taxes and interests that were not involved in execution of the project either right off or indirectly were deducted from the receipts after selling the project. From my point of view the project seems to generate revenue over time as compared to selling it at the completion which testament fetch a downhearted price.Average cost of concrete worker per hour (ACW/H) is $ 24.83 (Average hourly and weekly earnings of fruit and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted, n.d.).These command processing overhead time charges are the costs that will be incur as the pouring of the reinforced concrete is executed, also referred to as indirect cost. The total estimate cost is $ 67,596. According to (Parker & Isola, 1991) overhead charges charge should not exceed 15%It is very key when a construction project or any other project is being implemented the overhead cost ought to be considered and caution to be taken, so as to prevent budget from being in crisis.Steel is one of the vital components required in reinforcing concrete. When the price of steel increases this has a negative bear on to the budget of the project. This normally happens due to inflation or other factors that affect prices in the market. An increase in price will force the project manager to reduce the fund allocated to other activities or to come other funds to overcome the deficit. In budget preparation it is advisable that a 20 percent excess of the actual estimate should be added so as to take care of scenario like this one(Parker & Isola, 1991).Whenever hurricanes communicate they cause destruction or

A restaurant chain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A restaurant chain - Essay showcaseAnother important source of its revenue includes profits earned from its operated restaurants. In the year 2011, the confederation was competent to make a profit of 5.5 billion dollars, and this amounted to annual revenue of 27.5 billion dollars2. The primary business barrier of McDonalds includes cheeseburgers, milkshakes, desserts, soft drinks, French fries, cheeseburgers, etc.Recently, the business performance of McDonalds has been falling down, reporting a negative harvest-tide in its markets, and revenues. For example, in the year 2014, the business performance of McDonalds in Europe and America experienced a slow down3. In Europe, the come with posted a negative drop of its financial performance by 1.4%. This is despite depicting a strong financial performance in its UK market. In United States, the company was able to post a drop of its sales by 1%.Another problem set about this company is its weak and in cost-effective node service c apability4. The company employees ar not good at catering for the needs of its customers, and this has an impact in affect the loyalty of the customers towards the business organization. In any organization, employees of the company play an important role in determining whether the company will succeed or not. An efficient and friendly work power would ensure that they are able to know and serve the needs of its customers, and this is the key to change magnitude the market share of an organization5. For purposes of improving its financial performance, the management of the company has to solve the above mentioned problems. There are two major methods that the company can use to solve the mentioned problems, and they include, improving its marketing strategy and its customer service capability.However, the company cannot develop an efficient marketing strategy, without having information on the strategies of their competitors, and the needs of its customers. This would therefore fo rce the company to

Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 12

terrorism - Essay ExampleFifth, the host may also be in pursuit of boosting itself. For ensuing struggle, the group may stage attacks to motivate itself. Sixth, they may be attempting to counter a governments soldiery power. This exposes the weaknesses of the government. Lastly, they may be attempting to take advantage of a unique historical opportunity. Such opportunities determine the creative activity of the group in future.According to OBallance, there argon six characteristics of a successful terrorist. Firstly, they are dedicated to a belief of ca white plague and follow the uncompromising demands of terrorism unconditionally. Secondly, they are always willing to sacrifice themselves since terrorism is dangerous and the individual can be killed at any instance (OBallance, 1979). Thirdly, they clear an ability to repress emotions because they are usually required to commit heinous crimes such as cleaning innocent people. Fourthly, they have high intelligence because planni ng of attacks requires intelligence and cannot be conducted by anyone. Fifthly, education is comminuted because their missions demand unsuspicious travelling to foreign countries. Lastly, they have access to required resources that include money to use in travelling.Groupthink is a form of collective thinking that provides the terrorists with an opportunity to acquire the mindset of the organization. The main symptoms touch on include invulnerability feeling, certainty of organizations morality, intolerance with regard to internal dissent, and viewing the confrontation as simply evil (Holmes & McConville,

Evaluation Speech Self Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evaluation Speech Self - try out Example4. The speaker needs to work on adding variety his savoir-faire patterns more, placing emphasis and stress on the important points he wants to convey. He should add variations in tone and volume, and support with the appropriate gestures.1. Gabrielle tries to make a strong opening as well, but comes across as a bit self-conscious and shy, and this is further underscored by her gestures which are rather frequent and nervous. The beginning is non effective in capturing the audiences attention.2. The speech is poorly organized. Her topics are not well-structured. She tended to repeat some things, such as the fact that she wants to serve well people. She also tended to jump from one point to the next and back again, as in alternating between events in her life (her course, what she wants to take up) interspersed with comments about her personal inclinations, then back again. The topics are not quite ordered in a logical sequence.There dont ap pear to be three main(prenominal) points in her speech, but if there are three main points, they would be her aspiration about what she wants to do, her freedom from her parents decisions, and the fact that she is aspiring to be a doctor in order to fulfil her desire to help others. The topics are not well delineated, however, as she tends to move among them alternatively.3. The speaker is more animated in her tone, pitch, volume, and so forth, and tries to relate to her audience by maintaining eye contact with them. However, she fails to establish eye contact with the webcam as condition in the instruction. She tries to avoid note card dependence, putting it down at times and trying not to look at it, but then she picks it up again and looks again at it.4. Gabrielle should not be too nervous, as she conveys this by her seeming desire to be conversational in her approach, and

Draft Annotated Bibliography Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Draft Annotated Bibliography - Coursework ExampleBanks (2003) tell the digression between irrational or discriminatory and rational racial indite, where the latter is based on veridical criminal activities and reports. He focused on the campaign against racial profiling and noted injustice when minorities drive disadvantages because of racial profiling. The study is useful in showing that racial profiling can lead to difference but, in agreement to what he had said, eliminating it is not the solution to discrimination in the law enforcement system.Engel, R.S., Calnon, J.M., & Bernard. T.J. (2002). Theory and racial profiling Shortcomings and future directions in research. Justice Quarterly, 9(2), 249-273. Retrieved from http//www.uc.edu/content/dam/uc/ccjr/docs/articles/engel_articles/Theory_Racial_Profiling.pdfEngel, Calnon, and Bernard (2002) evaluated the research on racial profiling. They noted that, using data from traffic stops and arrests among other data sources, resear chers believed that the police generally exhibited discrimination in racial profiling. Engel et al. (2002) asserted though that these studies usually had the flaw of having no guidance from a theoretical mannequin to support their conclusion that racial discrimination did happen. The study is important in underscoring the gap in literary productions for studies that can improve the theoretical foundation of racial and criminal profiling.Glover (2007) studied police opinions on racial profiling through an in-depth interview research method. She noted that police officers downplayed racism in racial profiling through emphasizing the spatial context of their criminal investigations. The article is important in emphasizing the collect for gathering more qualitative information about the perceptions and experiences of the police regarding racial profiling and criminal profiling.Godwin, M. (2002). Reliability, validity, and utility of criminal profiling typologies. Journal of Police a nd Criminal Psychology, 17(1), 1-18. Retrieved

Legal and Ethical Considerations in Marketing, Product Safety, and Essay - 1

Legal and honest Considerations in Marketing, Product Safety, and Intellectual Property - Essay ExampleCorrespondingly, recommendations pretend besides been provided in the look for so as to mitigate the identified challenges. Ethical issues relating to marketing and advertising, intellectual property, and regulation of product pencil eraser Use of negative advertisement techniques The use of negative techniques refers to the adoption of comparative advertisement strategy by the companies. In this unethical practice, the advertisement focuses on the disadvantages of the competitors product. Arguably, in the modern phenomenon, this technique has bugger off a major tool for promoting the utility of the products of a particular society (Majtan & Dubcova, n.d.). Misleading or venal advertisement It is one of the most serious ethical problems that have been spy as comm lonesome(prenominal) utilise by many of the advertisers in the modern day. It involves not only misleading fact s about the product and also false impression forecasted. Any advertiser who fails to promote the truth of the product not only goes against morality but also against the law as it violates customer protection proficients to information. The advertisement must also not include any kind of false statement regarding the product or claim for the bribable value of that product (Majtan & Dubcova, n.d.). Copyright infringement It is one of the most serious unethical issues that are observed in the field of intellectual property. Notably, the right of first publication infringement occurs whenever a person who does not own the copyright violates any of the rights of others without permission. The most common practice found in this aspect is breach of reproduction right and invention of new work base under the existing one (Tehranian, 2007). Use of unsafe nude materials in the production Many of the companies use cheap quality material in the production of its concluding product for th e sake of earning maximum profits. They do not keep consumer health or stakeholders interest into reflection being highly concerned about the profitability of their company. For example, in a free market, if a health drink manufacturing company uses cheap quality ingredients in production, it would ultimately affect the health of the consumers offering the company with profits, but only for a limited period in the short-run, inhibiting the companys sustainability interests to a strong extent (Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board, 2013). Argue for Direct-to-Consumer (DTC) marketing by drug companies The sponsorship of pharmaceutical drugs by dint of Direct-to-Consumer (DTC) has much significance in the current market scenario as it promotes customer confidence and provides better chance to the company to align the marketing strategies with customer preferences to a greater extent. In the US, majority of the drug companies have been found spending double than the total am ount in DTC marketing technique (Mogull, 2008). On the contrary, in that location exist many customers who are strictly against this technique of advertising on grounds that because the technique requires demonstrable financial investments, the drug companies focusing on direct-to-customers selling concept have to spent maximum funds on advertising rather than on research and development. However, considering its positive effects, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

ORGANISATIONAL POLITICS, CULTURE AND MANAGEMENT Essay

ORGANISATIONAL POLITICS, coating AND MANAGEMENT - Essay Exampleshing selected aims. For Henry Fayol To Manage is to forecast, to plan, to organize, to command, to co-ordinate and to control (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg & Coulter 2012). These are the major functions realizeed by any manager in any organization although the functions differ depending on the size of the organization. To perform these functions, managers do need to have power and authority in order to waken compliance and loyalty from the employees. However, with all the resources in the world, an organization cannot achieve its goals if it is not accompanied by effective focusing curiously in modern times when management has become so complex and demanding owing to globalization. Effective management in this case, depends on how well the managers exercise their power and authority over subordinates.In this essay, I give argue that management is both an art and a science which requires effective exercise of power to elicit compliance and commitment. I will argue that it is an art in the sense that it has its own creative skills, tools and techniques. It in addition requires intelligence, innovation, an individual approach, discipline and dedication as well as practicability. It is a science in that it utilizes through empirical observation tested principles and draws heavily from social sciences such as economics, sociology and psychology. To be successful in the management field, management cannot be reduced to either an art or science but should be taken as both an art and a science.Managers in the organization exercise various types of power in an enterprise to catch the pursuit so that they can be committed and engaged to their work hence modify performance and success for the organization. Koontz and Weihrich define power as the ability of individuals or groups to induce or influence the beliefs or actions of other persons or groups (2008 179). Influence in this case according to Sil os (2003) is the ability to make the followers strive towards a common

CARING AS AN ART Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CARING AS AN cunning - Essay ExampleIn Bernices book from silence to voice what withstands know and must authorise to the public the rendering of a diligent is expanded to include a person who is not cognisant of the requirements to improve and protect his health and therefore nurses must help him pass the information on his health needs. Health is the psychological, physical and societal well being of an soul, which cannot be taken to mean absence of an illness. Bernice expands this definition of health to include the right of a affected role to have his needs understood as this helps in increasing speed of recovery and protection against illnesses. Environment is defined as the surrounding or the retainers that an individual lives in this definition does not deviate very much from the one that is meant in Bernices book. The unaccompanied difference is that Bernice has characterd the word environment in a health setting to include each stakeholders in health reverence . Caring can be defined as an art since it requires an individual, who is probably the nurse to perform several functions at the same time, for instance, a nurse is required to answer questions that a long-suffering might ask, show compassion, permit a patient with nutrition and at the same time provide medical attention. In addition, a nurse is also responsible for communicating the condition of a patient to the physician, pass information to the family and community on how to care for the patient to help him recover fully and every other information that is required by stakeholders. Performing these responsibilities at the same time define nurse as an art. As a science, nursing is concerned with the results of the process of health care what is wrong with the patient? Why is the patient in the hospital? What information is needed in order to plan the care that is to be conkn to patient? In addition, when should the doctor intervene? Are some of the practises that need to be supported with evidence therefore making nursing a science. The interaction of the two aspects of nursing is minute to the provision of quality nursing care since omission of one aspect may hinder unwavering and full recovery of the patient. For instance, when performing a certain procedure, such as feeding a patient on a certain type of food, explaining to the patient why your are giving him that type of food will enable him to have confidence in you therefore he is likely to cooperate. A relay link of mine who has been in the nursing profession for the last 10 year had several experiences with patients that shaped her course in nursing. One of the experiences she had involved a patient suffering from cerebral malaria whom she had been allocated to take care of. The patient was always violent and did not want anybody close to him including the physician who was treating him. Attempts to tie him to his bed or give him sedatives had proven futile since his violence tendencies did not stop. As the nurse in charge, my friend decided to use a different approach she would go to the patients bedside and try to talk to him in a bid to convince him they were trying to help him. Initially the patient was violent towards my friend but aft(prenominal) some few days, he calmed down and was willing to listen to what my friend had to say. She would explain to him about the condition he was suffering and how the doctor would help him and after sometime, the patient was very

The Impact on the Automobile Industry in China after Joining the WTO Essay

The Impact on the Automobile Industry in China after Joining the WTO - Essay ExampleIn the end, the entre of China into the WTO was considered a positive thing by most, although there are certainly those with contradictory opinions. The efficient qualities that China gained by entry into the WTO an aid to the prudence, and the opening up of Chinas markets for more world-wide trade and investment (to name a few).The aim of this paper is to discuss more thoroughly on these points and more, and to offer a more in-depth and comprehensive point of view on the situation of the impact on the automobile industry in China after Chinas accession into the WTO.Since the beginning of stinting reform and its opening to the outside world, Chinas economy has been growing at a post of nearly 10 percent annually and its external trade has expanded by more than 15 percent a year. In 1999 Chinas trade volume reached $360.7 billion, ranking 9th in the world, with exportation volume reaching $195 bil lion. China has emerged to become an important player in world trading system. (Zhai & Li, 2000).Negotiations everyplace Chinas accession into the WTO immediately provoked a debate between pessimists who believed that opening the economy would lead to a flood of imports and a de-nationalization of manufacturing industry, and those who believed that it would spur rationalization of state-owned enterprises, lock in domestic reforms, draw out foreign investment, and open the way for trade expansion. (Noble et al).The aim of this paper is to thoroughly realize and discuss these interests and more, in order to come to a clearer and more understanding point of view on the particular situation. In order to do this, the following questions must be addressedThe WTO (World Trade Organization) is an organization which consists of 123 signatory countries. realized on January 1, 1995, and based in Geneva, the WTO replaced the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) as the most primary l egal and institutional foundation among the

American and French Revolutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American and french Revolutions - Essay ExamplePerhaps the major(ip) reason for this was that the American Revolution in additionk place in an absolutely new country without almost whatever history, while the French Revolution occurred in one of the eldest European states. Consequently, the participants of the American Revolution did non have to overthrow the established aristocratic society and absolute monarchy in order to proclaim any equality of people (because they were equal) or sovereignty of their new state (the British monarch was geographically too far from them). In other words, the birth of the new society in the United States occurred without major tension. The French Revolution began in an absolutely different situation. It was a daring attempt to establish the principle of equality in the traditionally aristocratic society and cultivate political freedom in the most stringy European monarch (Doyle 2002).Economic factors played equally important role in the onset of both revolutions. The American Revolution was largely caused by the economic pressure of Britain, which was economically dependent on the colonies, but lots failed to adequately condone the increasingly burden heavy burden of taxes. This problem often termed taxation without representation is reported to be one of the most essential factors that eventually led to the revolutionary situation (Wood 1998).A resembling situation was observed in the pre-revolutionary France where the absolute monarch kept increasing the burden of taxes for the poorest layers of population. (especially peasants) while the wealthiest and the least numerous layer of aristocracy often did non pay taxes at all. The growing unemployment, abnormal outgo of the King and growth of prices added naturally to the picture (Hibbert 1981). Evidently, no acceptable explanation could be brought forth to justify such situation. Therefore, despite some disagreement within the scholarly community as for the caus es and preconditions of the French and American Revolutions (Kates 1997 Nash 2005), the assertion that the major causes were similar is likely to be correct.Secondly, the course of the American Revolution differed significantly from the developments of the French Revolution. During the revolutionary decade the army of colonists engaged in a number of clashes with the British troops until finally forcing them out of their territory in other words, the emerging nation had an external enemy to deal with. By contrast, no major battles occurred on the territory of France during the French Revolution and no external threat was available. As a result, the major goal pursued by the inspirators of revolution was physical removal of the much scorned representatives of aristocracy. The subsequent series of wars with other European states took place after the Revolution was over although there is not agreement between

McDonald's No Longer the 'Great American Meal' Case Study

McDonalds No Longer the Great American Meal - Case Study ExampleThe companys rapid expansion (in the 1990s, McDonalds opened a new restaurant every(prenominal) eight hours) affected its food and service quality although these were supposed to be the McDonalds selling points.In the 1990s, fleck competitors were coming up with new and healthier food options, McDonalds was still unable to produce truly innovational products as they were still thinking about how to sell more products rather than what they could sell to their clients.The lack in product innovation that did not help with marketing efforts, the companys franchisees sales were also affected as they could not keep up competitor offerings and the establishment of the Consortium hurt the dynamics of the franchise model.One surface area the increased fast food competition in the fast food industry affected McDonalds was by dint of the companys price-based strategy. By marketing products below the cost to prepare the item, t he company cannot sustain this tactical campaign for tenacious if the competitors have a cost advantage.For marketing purposes, instead of promoting McDonalds new locations, the focus could be on customer demographics. For example, Burger King pursues promotional partnerships with Universal Studios and other production companies like AOL Time Warner and Dream Works because their spunk demographic includes young adults who enjoy movies and the entertainment industry.

Review Questions MGMT Essay Example for Free

Review Questions MGMT Essay1) Scheduling and sequencing atomic number 18 typically viewed from a technical perspective that is, they are focused on minimizing quantitative measures such as freshness or cost. However, schedules also have intangible make on customers, employees, and the perception of service quality. Discuss what some of these intangible effects might be and how managers should exact them when constructing schedules. few intangible effects of schedules on customers, employees, and the perception of service quality could be, employee morale ( all lieuworked, underworked) customer/ vendee satisfaction with rate of production/delivery of service perception of efficiency of potential clients and ancillary obtain arrangements. Managers need to take into account that constructing schedules will impact stakeholders in different ways (Collier Evans, 2013).Where a faster delivery time might make a customer happy, a salaried employee working 14 hour days to meet that demand may ultimately be causing more prostitute to the company in the long run. One of the best methods for developing schedules is an Activity-on-Node model. In this model, we bathroom see the earliest start (ES) latest start (LS) earliest finish (LS) and latest finish for each activity of the contrive. Some of they may be able to run concurrently, which leads us to determining what the critical roadway would be. The critical path is the shortest time between activities that the project may be accomplished (Collier Evans, 2013).2) Select two of Demings 14 Points and address the importance of them to trading operations managers (as well as all managers) in todays business environment. Demings steps 13 (Encourage Education and Self-Improvement) and 14 (Take Action) are the two that I find the most respectable attributes in operations managers and normal managers, alike. I have seen first-hand what sort of morale detriment can occur when self-improvement and didactics a re non fostered in top-performers. For example, employee John Smith decideshe wants to obtain his Project Management professional PMP certification. His company has a training budget that allows for such training, but Smiths manager cannot clip the need for the certification, based on Smiths current duties. Smith then decides to take spend time and pay out of pocket to achieve this certification, nearly $2000 of his own money spent on professional development.Several months later, Smiths company is awarded a substantial Earned Value (EV) signalize from the DoD, in which a requirement was that there needed to be a certified PMP on the project team. Smiths manager lacked the foresight to see the benefit of such a certification, and to this day, Smith has not been formally reimbursed for what ultimately led to the acquisition of a multi-million dollar contract. Needless to say, Smiths indirect request for that manager severely diminished. Taking Action stood out to me as well, be cause I have seen what cost-plus contracts can do to a company. The chaos is cash mindset that melds into the minds of managers whose incumbencies are those contracts can be sickening.I at once witnessed a company with a directorate that was so focused on this mind-set that deliveries were constantly late or with error, and it was considered the norm to have such things occur. DoD contractors are normally evaluated by the Contractor act Assessment Reporting System (CPARS), and this company was consistently in the unsatisfactory rating. With a new directorate and management, this company was able to climb that rating system two levels for the first time in over a decade. I attribute this to those whom replaced the previous directorate and managements Take Action attitude in correcting that usurious cost-plus mindset.3) Explain how service quality is measured. Specifically, discuss how you may have experienced each of the quintette SERVQUAL dimensions as a consumer of services. S ervice quality is consistently meeting or exceeding customer expectations (external focus) and service-delivery system performance criteria (internal focus) during all service encounters Collier Evans, 2013). The 10 dimensions of SERVQUAL are as followsSERVQUAL DimensionsReliabilityResponsiveness competenceAccessCourtesyCommunicationCredibilitySecurityUnderstanding/knowing the customertangiblesIn regards to reliability, I have had amazing reliability with MESA/BOOGIE guitar amplifiers. My MESA amp has lasted over 10 eld with no issues. In regards to competence, USAAs customer service and knowledge of their own products/services continues to amaze me every time I speak to them over the phone. I would also attribute the courtesy, responsiveness, and communication dimensions to USAA, as well. Their representatives are always well spoken, pleasant, and prompt to return inquiries.With understanding/knowing the customer, I would say Pacific bore is high on my list. We at Pacific Calibe r can recognize the true, earned-value potential in the candidates we place with our clients, because we have been subject matter experts in those fields already. Much of this has to do with military affiliations and core values, as well. Access would go to Cotixans Mexican Restaurant. They have amazing food, 24/7, and are adjacent to my home. Security would go to Lockheed Martins private flight-test facilities, that is all I can comment on that.ReferencesCollier, D., Evans, J. (2013). OM4 (4th ed., Student ed.). Mason, Ohio South-Western Cengage Learning.

Adolf Hitler Conspiracies Essay Example for Free

Adolf Hitler Conspiracies EssayDid Adolph Hitler really commit suicide on April 30, 1945? Hitler is believed to bring in poisoned and blastoff himself along with his newlywed married woman, Eva Braun, on April 30, 1945 while in an chthonicground lying in wait in Berlin. Then, Hitler and his wifes body were burned kayoedside the bunker. However, some(prenominal) questioned whether this really happened so they bugger off conspiracies on Hitlers death. Three main conspiracies that really challenge Hitlers suicide are that the skull found in the bunker did non belong to him, no shots were heard by bystanders in the bunker, and he had an imposter kill himself. So Hitlers death may substantiate been a hoax due to the evidence from several sources, present that Hitler may have never committed suicide in that bunker and he had escaped from Germany.The skull that was believed to be Hitlers, which was taken by the Russian army and preserved by Soviet intelligence, is now proven by DNA analysis to be of a woman under 40 years hoar. The bodies of Hitler and Eva Braun, Hitlers wife, after(prenominal) they died, were said to have been wrapped in blankets and carried to the garden outside the bunker, placed in a assail crater, doused with petrol and set ablaze (Fresh Doubts everyplace Hitlers termination 3). However, Stalin, who was suspicious about Hitlers fate, had the Russian forensics aggroup dig up Hitlers body, but a part of the skull was missing.The Russians eventually found the other dissolve to make ensure Hitlers death. However, American researchers were finally able to examine the skull fragment after it had been under strict possession of the Soviets. The researchers found out the skull fragment belonged to a women under 40 years old because in their DNA analysis of the skull they found that the bone seemed very thin male bone tends to be more robust. alike the sutures where the skull plates come together seemed to correspond to someone unde r 40 (Fresh Doubts over Hitlers Death 2).But Hitler was 56 in April 1945 so the skull could not have belonged to him. Braun was believed to have been killed as rise so the skull fragment could belong to her and she was 33 years old when she died. Overall, Hitlers suicide has been greatly challenged by this astonishing discovery about the skull fragment believed to be Hitlers. Skull Fragment Believed to Belong to a Woman, not Hitler (Fresh Doubts over Hitlers Death.. 1)Nobody actually saw Hitler shoot himself on April 30, 1945. The guards near the bunker claimed they heard nothing, but many of them withdrew their claims because they said everyied interrogators pressured them into saying that. Also some people who claimed to have heard the shot werent even there. Otto Gunsche, Hitlers SS adjutant, claimed to have been in the conference room with Nazi Party Secretary Martin Bormann and Propagnda minister of religion Josef Gobbels when he heard the shot, and then he claimed they rush ed to the anteroom with Gobbels in lead (Adolf Hitler Death and option Myths 2).However, Rattenhuber, commander of Hitlers SS guards claimed that Gunsche was already in the anteroom when he arrived. So Gunsche couldve helped Hitler escape from the bunker without anyone else knowing. Also Hitlers chauffeur Erich Kempka and former Reich Youth leader Artur Axmann claimed that they saw a body being carried out of the bunker which was wrapped in blanket and was dressed in Hitlers trousers, shoes and socks, but they didnt get a valid identification of Hitler. If no one actually physically saw or heard Hitler shoot himself, how do they know he really shot himself ? Layout of Hitlers Bunker (Navona Numismatics.. 1) more or less of the conspiracies on Hitlers death have to do with him having a reprize. Around 2 P.M on April 30, 1945, Hitler had a strange conversation with his personal pilot, Hans Baur. Baur begged Hitler to escape to Argentina, to Japan, or to an Arab country, but Hitler r esponded I am ending my secular stay. (Adolf Hitler Death and Survival Myths 2). Notice Hitler said earthly stay instead of life which implies that Hitler was no continuing going to be on Earth or that he was planning some sort of escape. mingled with 230 P.M and 3 P.M, Gunsche made a phone call to Kempka and asked him for two hundred liters of gasolene to be at the entrance of the Fuhrerbunker. Notice that Hitler did not make the phone. Could this have meant Hitler had already escaped and his double filled in his place? The Russians photo of Hitlers corpse was indeed not Hitler, it was his double, or Doppelganger, Gustav Weber , who was executed with a gunshot to the forehead, and its obvious that its not Hitler because Hitler shot himself in the temple. Russian photo of Hitler Corpse(Adolf Hitler Death and Survival Myths 4).Adolf Hitlers suicide on April 30, 1945 has been challenged by these three conspiracies the skull found in the bunker did not belong to him, no shots were h eard by bystanders in the bunker, and he had an imposter kill himself. In the first conspiracy, researchers were able to examine the skull that was believed to belong to Hitler, but after a DNA analysis of the skull, they found out that the skull belonged to a female under the age of 40 due to its thickness and structure.Then in the second conspiracy, Hitlers bodygurads and comrades who were in the bunker with him claim to have never saw or heard the gunshot from Hitlers suicide. In the final conspiracy, Hitler was believed to have a double take his place and commit suicide while he escaped out of the bunker. All three of the conspiracies have valid and credible evidence so if they are true, then Adolf Hitler may have indeed faked his death and escaped from Germany on April 30, 1945.

Slavery in Africa Essay Example for Free

Sla very(prenominal) in Africa EssayFor almost the entire recorded level in most communities, knuckle downry is a prominent feature. However, slave trade in Africa left a remarkable legacy due to the large numbers of slaves that were involved and also the sufferings that the slaves were replacejected to. This makes the slavery that took place in Africa to be of great significance and thus it cannot be ignored. thraldom was outstanding in Africa than in any(prenominal) other part of the world, many years before the transatlantic slavery. The Lagos maritime t experience was the first to be used by the Portuguese as a slave market where they could be able to handle the African slaves after they were imported (Evans, Para 3). Slavery in Africa The issue of whether slavery existed in the communities of the sub Saharan Africa before the Europeans arrived in these regions is an issue that is hotly contested amidst the Eurocentric and Afrocentric academics. But the rivalry does not eliminate the fact that slave trade was a prominent feature in Africa.It is very evident from many historical sources that the Africans were subjected to various forms of slavery. The chattel slavery was practiced by the Europeans via the famous Trans Atlantic slave trade and the Muslims who were conducting the Trans Saharan slave trade. Years after slave trade was abolished in Africa, the feebleness continued as the colonial powers governing Africa continued to subject Africans to forced labor (Evans, Para 5). Slavery in Africa was practiced by both the Europeans and Muslims.The Muslims were involved in slave trade across the Saharan region. They based this practice on the Qurran which prescribes that slavery should be approached on humanitarian grounds. According to the Qurran, free give wayforce should not be made slaves and those practicing other religions should be protected. Nevertheless, the increase of the empire of the Islam in Africa led to the biting interpretation of the Qurran law. This made the people who were proclaiming other religions to be considered as ideal candidates of slavery by the Muslims. much(prenominal) slaves were either sell by the Muslims to other people who wanted slaves or the Muslims themselves could take them as their own slaves (Miers, pp 130). When the Portuguese arrived for the first time at the African coast of the Atlantic in 1430s, they were only kindle in gold and not slaves. However, by the land up of the hexadteenth century, the Portuguese had already traded more than lxxx one thousand African slaves to the neighboring Atlantic islands, Europe and to the Muslim merchants (Evans, Para 7). For two centuries, i. e.between the years 1440-1640, the Portuguese had the monopoly of exportationing slaves to Europe from Africa. It is remarkable that Portugal was the last European nation to abolish slave trade, although France continued to oppress the former slaves through forced labor. It is approximated that duri ng the entire period of slave trade in Africa, which lasted for about four and a half centuries, the slave trade of the trans Atlantic, in which the Portuguese were the of import players, managed to export more than four and a half million Africans as slaves to other countries.However, during the 18th century, when more than six million Africans became slaves in foreign countries, Britain was the most notorious nation practicing the vice, but this fact is usually forgotten by the people who cite the prime role played by Britain in bringing to an end the slave trade not only in Africa but in the entire world (Lovejoy, pp 129). The main aim of slavery in Africa was to provide cheap labor to the countries which were developing at that time and which were in dire need of cheap labor.The Muslims and countries such as Portugal were the main participants in the trade since they were able to export the slaves from Africa and thus sell them to other countries and creating wealth from the tr ade. The Africans who were captured as slaves were first taken to the local slave markets where they were sold and later transported via the Atlantic Ocean to other countries where they remained for the rest of their lives as slaves (Miers, pp 220).Conclusion Slave trade in Africa was very prominent than in any other part of the world. This is because millions of Africans were enslaved by the more powerful nations such as Britain and Portugal. The Africans who became slaves in foreign countries were subjected to a lot of suffering by their masters. They were denied most of their rights and were forced to work for their masters without any pay. Work citedEvans, Alistair Boddy Slavery of Africans and Slavery in Africa (2009) Retrieved on 3rd July 2009 from, http//africanhistory. about. com/od/slavery/a/Slavery101. htm. Lovejoy, Paul E. Transformations in slavery a history of slavery in Africa (2000) Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521784301. Miers, Suzanne Slavery in Africa histori cal and anthropological perspectives (1979) Univ. of Wisconsin Press, ISBN 0299073343.

To Eat or Not To Eat Essay Example for Free

To wipe out or Not To Eat EssayHello, my name is Dr. Rachel Green. I am an wareing disorder counseling specialist. Today I would homogeneous to talk with you about two forms of runing disorders, obesity and anorexia nervosa. In our discussion, I would like to be fitted to give you a natural perspective on food, hunger and satiety hoping that it whitethorn benefit those who stick out with these disorders.Obesity is defined as when a person has maintained a consistence mass superpower (BMI) of 30 or higher. People with obesity dupe many health risks which include hypertension, Type 2 diabetes, heart disease, bone health problems in assenting to many other health complications and illnesses. Anorexia nervosa is defined as a mental illness because it refers to singles who refuse to keep their clog within 85% of the standard lading for their age and height. Those who live with anorexia express deep anxiety about make believeing any weight in addition to their body imag e being dramatically distorted. These case-by-cases refuse to eat and have a habit of press release on feeding rounds, which they follow with vomiting. Their excuse for this is that they have to do this to keep what they military position as an unimpeachable weight. This illness is very severe and is life threatening in most cases. It can result in heart failure, kidney failure and damage to the brain.Both anorexia and obesity are studied in depth. Several new theories have brought new light to the treatment of these conditions. We will also discuss numerous hunger and satiety myths as well as facts aboutthe maintenance and development of these disorders. We will have a portion for QA in the later part of the program.There are a wide variety of theories that attempt to sell why we choose to eat or non to eat. Hunger and satiety have bio-psychosocial factors that are little in theories relating to obesity and anorexia.From an evolutionary perspective, we can see that period s occurred in which shortages existed in our food supplies. These may have contributed to obesity as a part of our genetic predispositions as a means of storing food when it became lendable so that those calories would be available to us later for our use when food supplies became scarce. This relates also to the desire to eat great quantities of high calorie foods. Consumption of high calorie foods leads to fat storage of that foods energy. We also know that we require at least 3 solid meals daily to maintain our mean(prenominal) weight. This social connection to normality can be carried forward into social interactions that take place when overpowering foods that are much palatable due to high fat content or high ice lolly content. This carries forward into our understanding of the motivations for feeding.Such factors do influence our eating patterns. Additional factors play into the choices that we make that may conflict with our ability to maintain a honorable and parago n body weight. Calories are blaze uped during employ and if we do non balance our caloric intake well with our exercise levels then we will not be in balance. People also have different rates of metabolism, which affects their ability to burn or store fat. Thermogenesis, which is a non-exercise activity where energy is dissipated, is also relevant to this discussion.Studies in Biopsychology have shget that we do not eat due to the need to fuel the body, but eat because of our learned, embedded responses. Studies show that people lean to eat larger quantities in social settings than when alone. This factor alone would be a significant ratifier to obesity if we correlate socializing with food.Satiety has shown to be related to the types of food we eat. We need certain nutrients and minerals. sweeten doesnt include these nutrients and minerals, and so our bodies do not feel satisfied or full when we eat them. Meals that contain the proper mix of nutrients and minerals yield a more complete satiety. Some foods contain more of the nutrients required to allow us to actually feel full.Anorexia includes some of the same issues of social factors that influence our views of unexceptionable healthy weight and eating. The inclination to eat in social situations can be skewed in the opposite direction for some individuals. They can be so insecure that they do not bump their bodys needs due to their emotions about others perceptions of them.Anorexia involves a great fear of weight gain and the individual displays starvation habits of eating or alternate binge and purge cycles of eating. These patterns are learned eating behaviors. Binging is an aspect of anorexia that can help us to see how hunger and satiety are related to take heed over matter because the mind is overtaking the bodys need for nutrition in this disease. The binge is meeting the bodys need, but the purge that follows is catering to the corrupted ideal as the individual sees it, so satiety no longer has a positive value.The start and development of anorexia is specific to the individual because external factors contribute to the development and beginning of this disease. The most common onset factor is dieting. Dieting is broadly speaking undertaken in response to socially perceived and abnormal expectations. There seems to be a connection amidst weight gain and food intake that defies the positive motivation that is normally connected to satiety and healthy eating habits. The value of the food incentive is lost in the negative contribution of feelings for weight control.In this discussion today we have reviewed a number of myths and facts relating to these two diseases. What questions do you have about anorexia or obesity?Question 1 I want to know if my parents obesity is the cause ofmy own obesity. coif Your parents obesity may have given you a genetic predisposition that affects your ability to maintain an ideal weight but isnt the only factor. The Bio-psychosocial theory gives us the evidence to understand that you have the obstinance to control your own weight in a healthy manner. You can learn to rehabilitate yourself with attachment to your expectations and eating behaviors. This will give you greater satiety and a healthier prognosis.Exercise is also a critical factor in controlling your weight. A proper, regular practice can help you to burn calories. The combination of proper intake and proper exercise can give you a healthy weight. glut is not the response to need, but is a continuance of values and habits about food that are not healthy.Question 2 I eat the same foods and amounts as my girlfriend, but she does not gain weight and I do. What makes this happen? solving This would be because her basal metabolism and differs from yours significantly. She has a higher rate allowing her to endorse foods more efficiently.Consumption is not the only factor in weight gain. You have to look at your own physical activity/exercise levels as well.Qu estion 3 My family feels that I have become thin in response to my characterization to womens images as portrayed in magazines and on TV. This may be true, but I do not have any cravings for food. Why would that be so?Answer It may be true that you initially learned to connect extreme thinness with success and yellowish pink and you chose to work toward that slanted ideal. Your dieting then contributed to this skewed viewpoint when you were able to lose weight in the beginning of your new eating patterns. You may have found yourself more beautiful due to the exposure to such idealized images and then failed to recognize later the health problems that this began to cause for you.I would attribute the feeling that you do not crave food at all to the negative value this skewed view placed on food. You look at food as a negative element in your life since you connect it only with weight gain instead of with nurture and health. Rehabilitation of your mind and body require you to nurtu re your body with healthy foods and exercise. It is possible to re-establish healthy eating patterns that can give you pole your desire for and enjoyment of food.Question 4 I feel sick each time I eat, so I have taken to not eating. Can you tell me why this is?Answer I believe this relates to incentive values of food. You may have taught yourself that food will make you gain an pro-inflammatory amount of weight and now you connect food only with negative things. If you begin by eating foods that you know are healthy for you then you can begin to view food as a positive thing again. Eating healthy foods and staying away from high sugar and high fat foods is a way to let your body respond well to what you eat. If your focus is on weight control kind of than on health, you will be punishing your body for eating even healthy things.CitationsPinel, J. P. J. (2011). Biopsychology. (8th ed.). Allyn Bacon.To Eat Or Not To Eat. Anti Essays. Retrieved November 10, 2012, from the World Wid e Web http//www.antiessays.com/free-essays/95995.html

Victoria’s Motorcycle Licensing Program Essay Example for Free

Victorias Motorcycle Licensing Program EssayWithin the past year, in that respect have been 332 fatalities in Victoria fourteen share of this snatch is composed of motorcyclists, of which only seven percent carry a motorcycle drivers authorize, according to the Transport Accident Commissions intimately recent annual passageway toll (2008). The same source lists the following as the most usual causes of motorcycle crash accidents drunk effort, driver fatigue, and speeding which are violations to the fairly basic road safety regulations that drivers are expected to know before being given a drivers license. However, in this case, it appears that there is a need to re-assess Victorias current licensing die hard to answer the hesitancy Is the current suffice for obtaining a motorcycle drivers license in Victoria strong in promoting road safety? This proposal onlyow for be presented according to an Evaluation Plan guidebook (Educational Psychology and Instructional Tec hnology, n. d.) which lists the following elements indispensable in a successful computer computer programme paygrade a background of the program a specification of the valuations finding an outline of the limitations, ethical considerations, and decisions which the paygrade would affect a list of military rank doubtfulnesss expanding on the research question and lastly a rationale of the methodology and sampling techniques that will be apply. Background In 1938, the rising road toll in Victoria spurred the state to physical body a separate entity which would goern road safety management it was educate back because of WWII but was picked up afterwards.This eventu anyy led to the formation of VicRoads in 1989. At present, VicRoads is in iron boot of Victorias arterial road network, implement road safety strategies and programs and provide vehicle adaption and providing the state with a driver licensing armed service (VicRoads, 2008). According to their website, the fo llowing requirements need to be fulfilled in order to qualify for a motorcycle license 1. must be at least 18 years gray 2. has a current learners permit for at least 3 months 3. has passed the eyesight render, motorcycle license skills assessment, and hazard perception testVicRoads currently employs 2700 people over square uping these functions. Purpose For the purpose of assessing the efficiency of Victorias current motorcycle licensing program a process-based evaluation geared to fully understanding how it program works (McNamaran, n. d. ), is the most logical choice. According to Rossi (1999) Program process evaluation is a form of evaluation designed to describe how a program is operating and assess how well it performs its intended functions. It builds on program process theory which identifies the critical components, functions, and relationships assumed necessary for the program to be effective (p.89). Michael Quinn Pattons Utilization Focused Evaluation Checklist (2002) would also be used as a guideline for program assessment, justice assessment, and identification of users which would also determine answering sampling. The aim for this evaluation is to address the need for upward(a) the licensing program as a tool for eliminating road risks caused by preventable human errors like crusade under the influence coupled with or resulting in speeding and lack of physical control over vehicles. By delving into the process of licensing, program strengths and weaknesses may be specified.Limitations It is recognized that there are other factors change to the dangers associated with motorcycle movement. Assessing the licensing program merely gives us a place to start since the responsibility for determining who is go bad to be behind the wheel on Victorian roads f every last(predicate)s on license evaluators and service providers like VicRoads. It would also be difficult to achieve a completely objective assessment of the program since the methods suggested in the gathering of information will primarily be from observation and survey or interrogate questions which are largely subject to interpretation.Gathering a assay pool consisting of license test takers, evaluators, and commissioned drivers would also be a challenge given the area of Victoria, the number of licensing centers, and the mobility of test takers. It will be of great importance to preserve an objective and unbiased perspective while conducting the evaluation to ensure the great reliability and soundity possible. A method for entropy gathering would also be designed to lay off other evaluators who wish to test the resulting data to replicate the exact methodology used. EthicsAll participants in the evaluation would be promptly informed of the purposes of the evaluation. They would also have the selection for anonymity if they wish to opt for such. Personal information would be kept under strict confidentiality. If a respondent wishes to discontinue or terminate participation at any time during the process evaluation, they have every right to do so as well. Details of the methods, expected results, and projected date of completion would be provided to all respondents. before any interview, survey, or observation takes place, a hold form would be reviewed and signed by the respondent stolon.Permission for observation and data gathering would also be secured from VicRoads. Process evaluators would be instructed to keep all information VicRoads wishes to keep private confidential and would not be released to the public without written permission and consent from VicRoads. Decisions That Might Be Affected by This Evaluations Results Revisions to the current processes might result if the evaluation findings hitch to inefficiencies to the current processes and procedures or if an apparent dissatisfaction with the program is discovered.Both favorable and unfavorable outcomes are expected. For example, stricter implementations for lim iting drivers with debilitating medical conditions might be taken by the community as a inconsistency against disabled residents but educating the community against its possible dangers will most probably be taken reasonably. Explaining that an old man with poor eyesight poses a risk to pedestrians and other motorists when given license to drive on the road should be fairly easy to comprehend.It will also be a good locale for researchers and product developers to look into redesigning vehicles which more are forgiving to drivers would certain medical conditions and would enable them to continue driving without risking themselves or the community. Perhaps more frequent license renewal or application for ex-drink drivers and speeders who previously already had their license suspended or revoked should reduce the states problems with drink driving and speeding by making it particularly tedious or expensive to regain their right to driving on the road.This should of course be in colla boration with the states penalties for violators who drive without licenses. Evaluation Questions To give more definition to our research question about the effectiveness and efficiency of Victorias motorcycle licensing program, more specific questions have been listed below. The process evaluation aims to answer the following questions 1. Since the implementation of Victorias motorcycle licensing program, has the number of the states motorcycle fatalities been let down? 2.Do the tests and requirements for getting a motorcycle drivers license prepare prospective drivers for Victorian roads by educating them of the states road regulations and road safety rules? 3. Are the current tests exuberant in screening a drivers road competency? 4. The current tests are in general skills assessment, shouldnt there be a test designed to predict a drivers emotional and intellectual stability that would screen out would-be drink drivers and speeders? How would license test takers react? 5. Are the tests objective, reliable, valid, and consistent?How does the current process prevent bias from affecting results? Are the same procedures followed for all centers and applied for each individual? 6. Do license test takers view the program as necessary? Do they approve of the process or are there improvements they would like to see made? methodological analysis Given the nature of the evaluation, the following methods will be used in the collection and gathering of data acquiring statistical figures, implementing surveys and questionnaires, interviews, and first-hand observation.Acquiring statistical data about the number of motorcycle fatalities since 1989 when the licensing program was first implemented would be interpreted to determine if the program has been effective in lowering the states road toll. It would also determine what percentage of said fatalities is attributable to lack of education or human error. Surveys and questionnaires would be used for gathering personal information from license test takers especially on their opinions of the programs relevance and effectiveness.It would also be used to ask for suggestions for improvement from the programs end users. Interviews with the license evaluator in each of VicRoads licensing facilities would be done to acquire more insight to the genuine process from the clients point of view. It also aims to get the license evaluators personal experiences and opinions regarding the licensing process. Lastly, on-site observations would be implemented to see the program in action first-hand. It will be used to evaluate the programs reliability, validity, consistency, and objectivity.It will determine if there are differences in the practice between centers which would greatly affect a license test takers results. It would also try to measure effectiveness and see if the process is implemented as intended. try Choosing respondents would be done randomly for the test takers and licenced drivers. For licen se evaluators, however, since their number is relatively smaller than that of the license takers and drivers, the aim is to correspond with each evaluator in all of the licensing centers or if this is not possible, to interview with as many evaluators as permitted by the resources.Letters will be sent out to randomly selected licensed drivers with survey questionnaires attached. Instructions for sending responses back would also be detailed in the letter. For survey questions where the respondents answers are vague or unspecified, a call would be made for clarification. The aim for the sample population of license test takers should at least be thirty percent of the total number of test takers in the same time it takes to complete an application for a license up to the actual claiming of a motorcycle drivers license.These respondents should be a healthy representation of each stand for of the process those who are about to apply for a license, those who are in the process of acquir ing a license, and those who are there claiming their actual license. Survey Questions for Both License Test Takers and Licensed Drivers Not all questions need to be answered. Respondents would be asked to answer only questions which apply to them. 1. How do you rate the requirements needed for licensing? Do you think they are necessary and reasonable? 2.With the preparation youve been given before, after, and during the test, would you say you are confident with your driving competency? 3. Were you properly educated of the states road regulations and safety rules? 4. How would you react if the state required you to undergo psychological testing to measure your emotional and intellectual stability before granting you a motorcycle license? 5. Do you believe the test is fair and unbiased? If not, what led you to say so? 6. Is the licensing program contributing to the decrease in the number of crash fatalities?What would you suggest for improvements? Interview Questions for License Ev aluators 1. How would you rate the programs effectiveness? Is there anything you wish to improve? 2. How do you make sure that your basis for approve or denying an individual his motorcycle drivers license is free from bias and is reliable and valid? Follow-up questions depending on the respondents answers would also be used to gain depth in the answer. Observation Guidelines 1. equal the processes from center to center. Enumerate the steps and determine if there are delineations from the prescribed process.2. Compare the implementation of tests for each individual test taker. Is everyone undergoing identical tests and procedures? 3. Pay attention to the interaction between the test taker and the evaluator. Does their relationship affect the license test result? Timeline The projected completion date for this process evaluation is six months, enough to cover all centers and complete the data gathering. Within the said time bound an analysis of data would be passed along with a pr escription for action. The timeline should go as follows Definition of evaluation image and design State permission and random sample pool Simultaneous interviews, surveys, and observations Analysis of data Prescription for a plan of actionReferencesDavidson, E. J. (2004. ) Evaluation methodology basics The nuts and bolts of sound evaluation. Sage. Retrieved on September 1, 2008 from the introduction Wide Web http//books. google. com/books? id=ePfuba9tDbECprintsec=frontcoverdq=evaluation+methodologysig=ACfU3U2xBnA9EO2s1nLt8by60FdZmv3y1gPPR7,M1 Educational Psychology and Instructional Technology. (n. d. ) Evaluation plan template. Retrieved on September 1, 2008 from the World Wide Web http//it.coe. uga. edu treeves/edit8350/EPT. html Mcnamara, C. (n. d. ). Basic guide to program evaluation. forgo Management Library. Retrieved on September 1, 2008 from the World Wide Web http//www. managementhelp. org/ evaluatn/fnl_eval. htmanchor1575679 Patton, M. Q. (2002). Utilization-focuse d evaluations checklist. Evaluation Checklist Project. Retrieved on September 1, 2008 from the World Wide Web http//www. wmich. edu/ evalctr/checklists/ufe. pdf Rossi, P. H. , H. E. Freeman, et al. (1999). Evaluation a systematic approach (6th ed. ). Thousand Oaks, Calif, Sage Publications Chapter 6

How Accurate Is Eyewitness Testimony Essay Example for Free

How Accurate Is Eyewitness Testimony canvassThe bedrock of the American judicial ferment is the honesty of witnesses in trial. Eyewitness deposition can necessitate a deep impression on a dialog box, which is often exclusively assigned the role of sieve out credibility issues and making judgments about the truth of witness statements. In the U. S. , there is the possibility of everywhere 5,000 wrongful convictions each year because of mistaken eyewitness appellatives. The continuous flow of media stories that tell of innocent citizenry being incarcerated should serve as a signal to us that the human identification process is predominate with a large number of error risks. These risks find been largely supported by question. Unfortunately, a control panel r bely hears of the risks therefore, eyewitness testimony remains a much-used and much-trusted process by those who be uninformed umteen successions, justicefully uninformed. In cases in which eyewitness testi mony is used, more often than non, an expert will non be all(prenominal)owed to testify to the faults of eyewitness identification. Thus, the uninformed stay blissfully ignorant of the inherent risks refer in eyewitness identification testimony.Too often, these blissfully ignorant people bother up a jury of our peers. (McAtlin, 1999). According to McAtlin, there are three parts of an eyewitness testimony (1) Witnessing a crime as a victim or a bystander involves watching the event while it is happening. (2) The witness must acquire the details of the occurrence. (3) The witness must be commensurate to accurately recall and communicate what he or she aphorism. Studies of wrongful conviction cases have concluded that ludicrous eyewitness identifications are by far the guide cause of convicting the innocent.Several studies have been conducted on human keeping and on subjects propensity to remember mistakenly events and details that did not occur. When human beings try to a cquire, retain and retrieve development with any clarity, suppositional influences and earthy human failures profoundly limit them. The law can regulate virtually of these human limitations others are needed. The unavoidable ones can make eyewitness testimony devastating in the motor lodgeroom and can lead to wrongful convictions.Unfortunately, memories are not indelibly stamped onto a brain video cassette tape. An event stored in the human retentivity undergoes constant change. Some details may be altered when new or different information about the event is added to the existing retentiveness. Some details are simply forgotten and normal retentivity loss occurs continually. Even so, witnesses often go bad more confident in the correctness of their memories over cartridge clip. The pilot light memory has faded and has been replaced with new information. This new information has replaced the original memory because the natural process of memory deterioration has persist ed.Furthermore, individual eyewitnesses vary widely in infallibility and reasoning. . (McAtlin, 1999). Studies of wrongful conviction cases have concluded that erroneous eyewitness identifications are by far the leading cause of convicting the innocent. For example, the Innocence Project of Cardozo School of legal philosophy reports that of the first 130 exonerations, 101 (or 77. 8 percent) involved mistaken identifications. But exactly how often eyewitnesses make tragic mistakes that lead to the punishment of innocent persons is unknown and probably unknowable.One of the infamous cases where mistaken identity element led to the wrongful conviction and execution was Gary Graham. Grahams case received widespread attention, in part because of substantial licence indicating that he was innocent of the murder charge, and the indisputable fact that his court-appointed trial lawyer failed to mount a serious legal defense. Graham was convicted of killing grocery store clerk Bobby Lamber t on may 13, 1981 during a robbery attempt. Graham was 17 years old at the time. There was no natural evidence linking him to the crime and only one eyewitness who identified him as the murderer.Eyewitnesses who told police investigators Graham was not the killer were never called to testify at trial by Grahams lawyer. Constitutional Protections In Neil v. Biggers, the U. S. Supreme coquette established criteria that jurors may use to evaluate the reliability of eyewitness identifications. The Biggers Court enumerated several factors to determine if a suggestive identification is reliable (1) the witnesss opportunity to view the suspect (2) the witnesss degree of attention (3) the accuracy of description (4) the witnesss level of certainty and (5) the time among incident and confrontation, i. . , identification. Courts today continue to allow into evidence suggestive identification testimony. Currently, courts consider the admissibility of identification testimony under a Fourte enth Amendment procedural due process analysis. If a court determines that a pretrial identification was unnecessarily suggestive, it then ascertains whether the suggestive procedure gave rise to a substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification. A court will find a substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification only if the identification is found to be unreliable.Therefore, even if the court concludes that a police identification procedure was suggestive, it may be admissible if the court finds that the identification is nevertheless likely to be accurate. A court will eternal rest the suggestiveness of the identification procedure against the likelihood that the identification is correct, resulting in an unprincipled rule of law that turns on the courts subjective assessment of the defendants guilt. Issues That Impact an Individuals Testimony A specific get wind at how memory functions and how suggestion operates llustrates why participation in unregulated lineu ps creates unreasonable risks of misidentification. Identification procedures differ from other police investigatory procedures in that they solely rely on human memory. Human memory consists of three basic systems (1) encoding, (2) storage, and (3) retrieval. Encoding is the initial processing of an event that results in a memory. Storage is the retention of the encoded information. Retrieval is the recovery of the stored information. Errors can occur at each step.Contrary to common understanding of memory, not everything that registers in the central nervous system is permanently stored in the mind and position details become increasingly inaccessible over time. According to Loftus and Ketchum, Truth and reality, when seen through the filters of our memories, are not objective facts unless subjective, interpretive realities. Because these processes are unconscious, individuals generally perceive their memories as completely accurate and their reporting of what they remember as entirely truthful, no matter how distorted or inaccurate they, in fact, may be.An individuals memories become distorted even in the absence of external suggestion or internal in-person distress. Naturally, people tailor their telling of events to the listener and the context. (Loftus Ketchum 1991). Many conditions much(prenominal) as fear, lighting, distance from the event, surprise, and personal biases all affect memory and recall. Human memory is indeed delicate, especially forecasting victims and witnesses of crimes. Fear and traumatic events may damage the initial acquisition of the memory itself.At the time of an identification, the witness is often in a upturned emotional state. Many victims and witnesses experience substantial shock because of their traumatic experiences that continue to affect them at the time of identification procedures. In a particular case in court, the psychologist can determine the reliability of the evidence of a particular witness and enable t he judge and the jury to put the proper value on such witnesss testimony. For example, a witness may swear to a certain point involving the estimation of time and distance.The psychologist can measure the witnesss accuracy in such estimates, often appearinging that what the witness claims to be able to do is an impossibility. A case may hinge on whether an interval of time was ten minutes or twelve minutes, or whether a distance was three c or four hundred feet. A witness may swear positively to one or both of these points. The psychologist can show the court the limitations of the witness in making such estimates. Overview of Psychology and LawThe service of psychology to law can be very great, but owing to the necessary conservatism of the courts, it will be a long time before they will make much use of psychological knowledge. Perhaps the superlative service will be in determine the credibility of evidence. Psychology can now violate the general principles in this matter. Wi tnesses go on the stand and swear to all sorts of things as to what they heard and saw and did, often months and even years previously. The expert clinical psychologist can tell the court the probability of such evidence being true.Experiments have shown that there is a large percentage of error in such evidence. The additional value that comes from the oath has been measured. The oath increases the liability of truth only a small percentage. Psychologists sometimes provide expert testimony in the form of general testimony where theory and research is draw and applied to a problem before the court. The expert would not provide opinions about any fellowship involved in the case before the court, but might give opinions about substantive research that is relevant to the issues. Role of Psychology Professional in Forensic MattersClinical- rhetorical psychologists are employed in a variety of settings including state forensic hospitals, court clinics, psychical health centers, jails, prisons, and juvenile treatment centers. Clinical-forensic psychologists are perhaps trump out known for their assessment of persons involved with the legal system. Because of their knowledge of human behavior, abnormal psychology, and psychological assessment, psychologists are sometimes asked by the courts to evaluate a person and provide the court with an expert opinion, every in the form of a report or testimony.For example, clinical-forensic psychologists frequently evaluate adult criminal defendants or children involved in the juvenile justice system, offering the court information that might be relevant to determining (1) whether the defendant has a mental disorder that prevents him or her from going to trial, (2) what the defendants mental state may have been like at the time of the criminal offense, or (3) what treatment might be indicated for a particular defendant who has been convicted of a crime or juvenile offense.Increasingly, clinical-forensic psychologists are be ing called upon to evaluate defendants who have at peace(p) to trial and who have been found guilty and for whom one of the sentencing options is the death penalty. In this case, psychologists are asked to evaluate the mitigating pile of the case and to testify about these as they relate to the particular defendant. Clinical-forensic psychologists also evaluate persons in gracious (i. e. , non-criminal) cases.These psychologists may evaluate persons who are undergoing guardianship proceedings, to assist the court in determining whether the person has a mental disorder that affects his or her ability to make important life decisions (e. g. , managing money, making health carry off decisions, making legal decisions). Clinical-forensic psychologists also evaluate persons who are plaintiffs in lawsuits, who allege that they were emotionally harmed as a result of someones wrongdoing or negligence.Clinical-forensic psychologists may evaluate children and their parents in cases of divo rce, when parents cannot agree about the custody of their children and what is best for them. Clinical-forensic psychologists are sometimes called on to evaluate children to determine whether they have been abused or neglected and the do of such abuse or neglect, and offer the court recommendations regarding the placement of such children. In addition to forensic assessment, clinical-forensic psychologists are also involved in treating persons who are involved with the legal system in some capacity.Jails, prisons, and juvenile facilities employ clinical psychologists to assess and treat adults and juveniles who are either awaiting trial, or who have been adjudicated and are serving a sentence of some type. Treatment in these settings is focused both on mental disorders and providing these persons with skills and behaviors that will decrease the likelihood that they will re-offend in the future. Clinical-forensic psychologists employed in mental health centers or in private practice may also treat persons involved in the legal system, providing either general or specialized treatment (e. g. treatment of sex offenders, treatment of violent or offensive persons, and treatment of abuse victims).Conclusion Studies confirm that unregulated eyewitness testimony is often hopelessly unreliable. Misidentifications are the greatest single source of wrongful convictions in the United States. Yet courts current due process analyses are unsuccessful in ensuring fair procedures and preventing wrongful convictions. A due process analysis altogether is inadequate, in part because a due process analysis is essentially a fairness inquiry, and courts regard it as unfair to exclude a correct, yet suggestive identification, from evidence.

Business Case Study Essay Example for Free

blood line line organization Case Study EssayA report on investigation into Business Case seek May 02, 2013 Acquainted with your Business situation. I see a few problems within your business. One of the problems is changes in economic environment, which lead to conflict between stakeholders. The other problem is change of business bodily structure. A winner factor for any business is to analyse and understand the external environment in which it operates. Understanding of antithetic types of stakeholders within business is essential too. To analyse business situation various method can be used. To analyse your current business situation I have used SWAT analyse which go forth give you probability better understand external environment and how it can impact your business. And will help oneself you better understand conflict between stakeholders. The most underlying SWOT analyse will examine how threats and opportunities can be dealt with while allowing the organisation to utilise its strengths and weaknesses to meet its key success factors objectives. A basic SWOT analysis should include an assessment of where the company is at current time and where it wishes to be at some point in the future .The organisation also needs to decide how far away(predicate) that future is-it will vary from a few month to many years depending on the organisation, the temper of the business and its current situation (B 120, Book 1). SWOT analysis for the The Lodge Bistro Chain Strengths New IT governing body Initiative management stuff Possibility to adjust to changes Name and business recognition Weaknesses In orchis structure High stuff turnover Inconsistency in standards Opportunities New consumers base Reinstate some formal structure and rules Threats Complete loss of conceptLose of standards Competition External economic environment As you can see from analyse above that the strengths will be recognition of your business and poss ibility of the business to adjust to newfangled economic environment as you have initiative management team as it is described in Business Case As an example of these issues, the young manager of one of the cafes in a central urban location began to offer a range of less expensive snacks to put up for diners on low incomes and reduced packaging to respond to the environmentally friendly principles of many customers.Another, in an region close to an office complex, offered a range of healthy eating options. It clearly shows that you have opportunities to attract new consumers base. Reinstate some formal structure and rules will give you better opportunity to get the hang business Weaknesses arise from high stuff turnover, as you spend time, recourses for educating stuff. I think it would be sound to investigate why they leaving and looking for benefits packages you can purpose to your stuff And main threats arise from losing standards, abundant competition and economic environm ent.For future I would purpose you to use methods like SWAT, STEEP and analyse of stakeholders out front making any changes. Would be beneficial to make SWAT analyse on the way business was in 80s and use it as comparison to current situation. It will give you opportunity to reinforce some formal structure more successfully. References The Open University (2006) B120 An Induction to business studies, Book 1, What is a business? , Milton Keynes, The Open University, page 95.

Essay Essay Example for Free

adjudicate EssayT present argon some(prenominal) things in our life that we can compare and contrast to ace an early(a), besides one subject that stands out to me would be the differences between male and female person friends. We all see friends that are male and female in our life. Although, we do not really notice it sometimes but there are many similarities and differences between having male and female friends. Therefore, in this paper I get out be explaining the similarities and differences in having male and female friends.When verbalizeing about female friends, most people mean about emotions. Female friends love to talk to each other about emotions, which draws them closer as friends. They talk about the deepest problems and never hold back how they feel to one another. Female friends will as well as evidence physical contact by hugging one another and kissing each others cheek. They also are more comfortable around each other. For example, females are not sca red to budge clothes around each other and tell each other how they are really feeling. Although, having a female friend is more capable to put drama in our life. Drama is something most girls puree for they love to have a lot of drama in their life. This addiction for females can cause a lot of problems for themselves as well as their closest friends. Having a female friend can also be an advantage for other females because they will let their friends borrow each others items. Therefore, if psyche needs a new dress for a party they can just look into their friends loo and simply take it for the night. Female friends are good to have although male friends are completely diverse than the female friends in our life.Although when we talk about male friends, most people think loyalty. Un same(p) female friends male friends do not like to talk about emotions. viriles like to talk about other things as in, basketball games, different girls they think are cute, or how life is going i n general. male person friends also do not show physical contact like female friends do. Male friends do not like tousually hug or touch their female or male friends unless it is their noteworthy other. They also do not hide anything they will tell us the truth no emergence how bad it will hurt us. Unlike female friends they do not like nor carry drama. Male friends do not like drama at all, they stand as far away as possible from it. The advantage of having a male friend is they do not strive for drama like females, so we will not be pulled into their problems. Also unlike female friends, males do not let other friends borrow their clothes, they rarely let anyone touch or wear their clothes but themselves. These many differences between male and female friends that I have mentioned also have similarities.No matter how many differences male and female friends have, there are also many similarities. Having both male and female friends egest us many options on who we can go and tal k to about anything. No matter if they are a female or male friend, we know that they will always be here to hold dear us and listen to every problem we have. Both types of friends also make us feel precious and loved. Even if we are having a bad day we have both genders of friends to cheer us up not matter the circumstances.In conclusion, female and male friends are similar and different in many ways. We need to be friends with both female and male to make a good balance in our friendships. No matter how much female or male friends we have they all benefit us in many ways. Although, there are many differences in the gender of friends, they are always here for us no matter the differences or similarities.

Ordering System Essay Example for Free

Ordering System Essay introIn recent years, technology is evolving rapidly. The use of computers is mostly needed for business day-to-day operations, evidently in most institutions like grocery set ups. Grocery stores are familiar to most people and located end-to-end the country, although their sizes and range of goods and services often vary. livestocks in the grocery store industry primarily sell a range of food items, but may also sell some nonfood goods. Most grocery store employees work in a clean, well-lighted, and climate-controlled environment. However, work at cartridge clips support become hectic, and dealing with customers can be stressful with the use of manual process. In this study, we want to develop a new organization for Jewel and Nickel Grocery Store Order System that will help them to minimize the time in taking the orders of their costumers, minimize the time in computing the total amount of each transactions, and to diminish the errors and problems in taking the costumers order for more efficient and time effective process.JEWEL AND NICKEL grocery STORE starts in 1990 with a capital of one thousand pesos only. The owner starts their grocery store on their own. The name of the store comes from the owners siblings Jewel their son and Nickel their daughter. Jewel and Nickel Store is located at PritilBinangonan Rizal and they are open at eight in the morning until six in the evening. After 22 years of selling quality goods, their store is instantaneously much bigger and now they have their own passenger boat and a lotto outlet.MISSIONTo sell quality goods and to score at least 3% profit.VISSIONTo satisfy their costumer and to make sure that our goods are all in good quality.

Perceptual Maps Essay Example for Free

Perceptual Maps Essay

EU Membership Criteria Evaluation Dissertation

EU social station Criteria Evaluation Dissertation rescindThe purpose of this thesis is sacrificeing a new social rank mechanism for the europiuman confederacy (EU). As the EU struggles with different kind of issues those showed up lately payable to its social rank mechanism, the demand for a new social status governing body arises. The thesis follows five musical notes to come up with a new solution. First step covers in seduceation of the period rank musical arrangement. back up step refers particular problems closely related with rank organisation. In third phase the frame make for of the recommended constitution is built up considering the problems. at bottom the fourth step, the new st driftgy applied on mentioned problems to manipulate how it effects certain situation in theory. Fin each(prenominal)y, the self-criticism on the recommended constitution and the parity between recommended and reliable social station mechanism is done in the fifth part.To un derstand the necessity of a new social station strategy at least the existent structure with its historical background shall(a) be know. As much as knowing well the inception of problems, analyzing problems separately is in addendum demand to perform a solution. In the same way to come up with a solution, the establishment of the system shall be based on arguments those proveed step up during the examination of the current social rank system. While settling the new system, required elements were inspired from different disciplines of the social science. To check the functionality of the new system, it is applied to related problems. More specific explanations or so the system argon held during this checking dish. counterbalance if it sounds well surgical operation in theory, in that location might be rough points to criticize in the new system since the perfection of a system is hard to achieve in social topics. The farthest thing to decide intimately whether choos ing the recommended system or not is comparing the system with the current one according to their advantages and disadvantages.All in all, the thesis claims that the European Union is going to behave a propellent portionship mechanism which provides more efficiency in genus Phallusship activities. As a result, the EU can solve its problems and gain its structural solidity. In former(a) words, the unification of member states whitethorn process faster than before.INTRODUCTIONThe AssumptionThe European Union is NOT a sacredly organise structure un comparable it is suspected and conspired as a Christianity Union by close to governmental scientists.1.2 The EU and necessity of a new membership systemEurope has achieved a very stunning build up in unification so far. However the mind bending motility Does the unification make anything break off for all of the EU countries? unflurried doesnt have a clear answer. From 1952 Paris agreement until 2007 the last expanding upon, the European Union (EU) enlarged fifth times and each enlargement separately came with some pros and cons. It has been joust that how come a positive and beneficial work on could create drawbacks and be harmful rather than helpful. Even though the ideology behind the establishment of the European Union is basically covers mutual beneficial agreement, in some way enlargements make some members current social and economic situation worse. Besides, there ar as well as some debates on whether enlargements should continue or not. After considering long-term cost-benefit analysis of enlargement attempts some doubts justifiably wound up about necessity of enlargement. The answer of these kinds of questions and results of these arguments go out be as well as provided if the dilemma of enlargement is solved. It is easy to point out the problems and backwards of enlargement observing the social and economic fluctuation in the EU countries. However, home run the initial cause and f undamental reason of these problems and to find exact solutions, as much as the source of problems argon different and varied and cannot be solved without major regulations, the enlargement structure should be examined per se. Thus, to watch the main stream of enlargement problems, essentially focusing on the enlargement progress is necessary.As the question aroused about the enlargement progress, the membership process that the skeleton of enlargement is so important to essay and scoot after the basic reason of problems in the EU with cost-benefit perspective. It can be said that the membership process whitethorn actually the origin of the problems which can be monitored in the EU. To see how membership process affects the Union badly, a comparison of social and economic indicators between current and previous situations is truly required. In other words, analyzing from the big bang of the EU till current situation by looking at enlargement results gives some clues to underst and how problematic the membership process is. Additionally, the current social and economic situation of the EU members and the EUs relations with other states are also helpful indicators to recognize the problem in membership process. Furthermore, during the analysis it can be observed that in some cases the legal and written rules of the EU come short to cover the legal loophole at the current membership process.After reaching the cobblers last of analysis about the membership process, the system can be regulated and may be re-create according to the results those show us whether the system should be changed. Although if the results objectively refer the moderate performance of membership process, a new prospectively designed system testament good-tempered be suggested to optimize the system and increase efficiency. Because by having a flashback to the establishment of the ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community) it can be seen that the main scheme of the EU was created to improve and support efficiency among countries. Thus if there is a more efficient and beneficial system which helps the EU to get rid of its problems curiously, it should be preferred to current membership process due to ideologic background of the EU, even though the current system works with difficulties. Besides, the recommended system will compromise with the current system by adapting most of its features.Mostly, membership systems are thought so strictly binding with members and rules of membership are not energizing to adopt with a new unknow situation. But the recommended membership system which will be designed and tested can bring dynamism into the EU structure. The structure of membership process is bases on the framework of dynamic systems. As the ideology and motto of the new system, it can be said the whole world changes and differs every second to form adjustment with each items in it, systems also should be so dynamic that adopt with every sort of situation. In ot her words, the life is dynamic by itself. Therefore, a dynamic system for the EU membership mechanism is more realistic than a static membership model. Even in social sciences much(prenominal) as economics a dynamic analysis of providence is more explanatory than a static analysis and it also has more condition results.This thesis follows on five steps those will give us an understanding of change and the disagreement of new membership system. First of all, the current membership system and enlargement activities will be mentioned to observe the current situation. Secondly, the inter field, social and economical problems caused by current membership system will be mentioned specially. The current problems and the lack of solution method against them will be shown in this part. Thirdly, the difference and requirements of new recommended membership system will be introduced. Furthermore, the occupation of the new membership system will be tried out with problems which would have been mentioned on the second step. Lastly, the conclusion to make an overall analysis and self-criticism of nominated membership system emphasizing advantages and disadvantages of both membership systems will be pointed out. At the beginning of the thesis, the assumption is placed in the middle of the first page without any additional script to emphasize it very strongly. Because the whole thesis is bases on the assumption that the European Union is just a union tries to increase common benefits of all countries in Europe without any discrimination. Otherwise, if it was not said so and the European Union was a religiously established union, there would be no need to improve efficiency of the membership process because the solely one membership criterion that would have been looked for would be the Christianity of the applicant countries. Hence, the thesis would be smashedingless, the current application of non-Christian countries as well. The assumption also helps to set the borde r of this thesis. During the thesis, the focus will just be on objective materials without referring any speculative comments. The dynamic system will be recommended for the EU can also be used as a conflict resolution method on the other unions problem.With beliefs of the EU wants to have a more efficient and beneficial system, and also the EU defends that the unification of economic system and the harmonization of social structures shall be carried forward, a dynamic system will solve most of the problems in the union without getting in any other political debates such as religion.As an psychiatric hospital for drawbacks of the current system, slowdown in economic indicators, rising of nationalist ideology and parties, rejection of the EU constitution, domestic honourable problems in member states such as in Italy, Budget deficit problems in member states like Greece and Spain, lack of common foreign and security insurance, and loosing beliefs of scene states on the EU can be r eferred among gobs of problems.Nowadays, the EU is not in a comparable position with its former strength but the comparison of situations after and before enlargement activities will show that how the current system affects the strength of the union negatively. Thus, it will also explain how a membership system can diminish the power of a union. As simple as in the metaphor about flywheels of a machine, if there is any flywheel that works reversely, it should be gotten out from the mechanism before it blocks the working system. Even if a member state doesnt work simultaneously with the union, the Union may be able to ban the state or hold its membership for a while. Otherwise the whole legal structure doesnt help the system to work properly, this illustrates that the membership mechanism needs to be restored with an efficient one.PART ITHE CURRENT MEMBERSHIP SYSTEM AND amplification ACTIVITIES2.1 The current membership SystemThe current membership system bases on deuce-ace differ ent documents which are The 1992 Treaty of Maastricht (Article 49),The annunciation of the June 1993 European Council in Copenhagen, i.e. Copenhagen criteria, and a document is decided after negotiations about adaptation to acquis communautaire between European Union and medical prognosis state. Lately, all of the membership requirements and its legal structure were combined into the Treaty of Lisbon. This means that all of those three documents are included into the pact of Lisbon with a couple of updates. Especially, the Copenhagen Criteria are the rules that decide whether a coarse is eligible to join the European Union and they are also known as the main detailed source for the membership prerequisites. Firstly, the idea of preparing a legal content for membership carried out with the 1992 Treaty of Maastricht (Article O). In Article 49 (formerly Article O), the geographical criteria and about general policy criteria were settled down. Then, with the 1993 Copenhagen Criteri a, the general policy criteria of membership were described in more details considering three aspects Political, sparing and Legislative. After all those criteria, as a homestretch, measures and regulations decided by negotiations between the European Union and candidate states fulfill the scheme of membership requirement for the EU. Most of these criteria have been confirmed over the last cristal by legislation of the European Council, the European Commission and the European Parliament, as well as by the case law of the European Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights.The mentioned documents provide all requisites to reach a member state of the EU. Thus, criteria can be sorted with sub-categories to understand what the EU demands from candidates particularly regarding to the general policy, geographic, political, economic, and legislative criteria. As a main frame the general policy criteria can be summarized as in the Article O (Maastricht Treaty)Any European S tate may apply to generate a fraction of the Union. It shall address its application to the Council, which shall act unanimously after consulting the Commission and after receiving the give in of the European Parliament, which shall act by an absolute majority of its component members. The conditions of admission and the adjustments to the Treaties on which the Union is founded which such admission entails shall be the subject of an agreement between the 16 Member States and the applicant state. This agreement shall be submitted for ratification by all the contracting States in accordance with their respective constitutional requirements. (European Commission, 1992a)In addition to the article it can be extensively illustrated by an excerpt from the Copenhagen Presidency conclusionsMembership requires that candidate republic has achieved st efficacy of institutions guaranteeing state, the rule of law, gentleman rights, respect for and protection of minorities, the existence of a functioning merchandise economy as well as the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces deep down the Union. Membership presupposes the candidates ability to take on the obligations of membership including adherence to the aims of political, economic and monetary union. (Copenhagen European Council, 1993 1)Regarding its acquis and actions, the EU doesnt have certain steady geographic criteria for candidates. The EU refused Moroccos applications a couple of decades ago, in 1987 due to territorial and geographical difference. Besides, even though Turkey has small part of its territory on the European holy and Turkey is on negotiation phase of membership process now, the membership of Turkey is still a huge debate. On the other hand, the speculations about the membership of Israel is considerably spread because of close economic and politic relations between Israel and the EU (Europa, 2007) and new-madely some Prime Ministers of member states individually te ll that they would be happy to see Israel as a member state of the EU soon (Rettman, 2010). Hence, in the legal documents, the geographic criteria briefly demands that the candidate country shall have territory on the European continent and economical, cultural, historical and political ties with other European states as well. On the other hand, in practice, it can be seen so questionable. There is no clear answer for this dilemma. It can be easily illustrated by the circumstance that, before the rejection of Morocco, the EU accepted french Guiana to join the union despite the reality that it is in sulfur Africa. Both countries mentioned in this case have similar background within France. The only difference is irrelevant French Guiana, Morocco is independent right now. However, instead of both countries, only French Guiana is in the EU. As a result, it can be claimed that the geographical criteria are not necessarily applicable within the current membership mechanism.Until 1993 the decision-making process of membership doesnt have clear references. The clear expression of prerequisites is declared with the Copenhagen Criteria. However, when member states agree on criteria in 1993, there was no mechanism for ensuring that any member state was in contour with these criteria. Nevertheless some legal arrangements and sanctions have been imposed to monitor compliance with these criteria. The first victim of this action was the Austrian government of Wolfgang Schssel in early 2000. They have been come across with sanctions of the other 14 Member States governments because of not compensating the membership requisites. These legal arrangements came into effect under the preps of the Treaty of Nice on the first of February 2003. With Copenhagen Criteria three more aspects were added into membership mechanism Political, Legislative and Economic criteria. These criteria are going to be explained particularly as followsAs a crucial part of political criteria the EU ask for a amalgamate democracy from candidate states. According to most political science scholars, the definition of united democracy contains these three steps Competitive elections, Liberties such as freedom of expression, freedom of press and freedom of association, and Consolidation of democracy in society. fused democratic governance requires that all citizens of the country shall be able to participate evenly in the political decision making process at every single governing level. Consolidated democracy also means free and fair elections with a secret ballot, freedom of press, the right to establish political parties without any obstacle from the state rulers, freedom of association, freedom of expression, rule of laws and freedom of standing running play by unbiased free judges. The second political criteria for candidate states is the rule of law which expresses government mandate may only be exercised in accordance with documented and written laws. They should be adopted through with(predicate) an established procedure. In case of arbitrary rulings towards individuals, the principle is supposed to be a safeguard. The third political criterion to join the European Union is respecting the Human rights in every kind of situation. The fall in Nations familiar Declaration of Human Rights is considered the most authoritative formulation of human rights and the EU is also admitted its legitimacy. According to the declaration human rights which every person holds because of their quality as a human being should be protect against all threats. Besides, those rights are inalienable and belonging to all humans. Briefly, if a right is inalienable, that means it cannot be limited, granted, bestowed, bartered away, or sold away. These include the right to life, the right to be prosecuted only according to the rule of laws, the right to be free from slavery, and the right to be free from torture.(Wikipedia, 2010a) The last but not the least political c riteria for EU membership are respect for minorities and protecting their rights. At the beginning there was no clarity in definition of minorities in member states. But in 1995 with the Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (COE) the EU declared minorities in member states and defined their rights with consensus. However, minorities in member states are defined by a consensus deputation which was formed by member states therefore not all minorities could be regarded and defined within the concept. The consensus commission (the Venice Commission) reached the conclusion of the Convention for the Protection of National Minorities which protects minorities by defining them as a group which is low in number than the rest of the population of a State, whose members, who are nationals of that State, have ethnical, religious or linguistic features different from those of the rest of the population, and are guided by the will to safeguard their culture, traditions, religi on or expression (Venice Commision, 2004 1). According to the definition of national minorities, unlike others, recent minorities such as immigrant populations have not been listed by signatory countries in the convention. This can be seen by checking the list of national minorities published by Council of Europe (Council of Europe, 2007).Another issue of the EU membership mechanism which can also be considered as a membership requirement is the economic criteria. As it is obviously known that the free market economy is the main characteristic of the EU. Speaking generally about free market economy, candidate countries shall have a functioning free market economy and the system should not be interfered by government as little as it is possible. Besides, their producers shall have the capability to deal with competitive pressure of free market and market forces within the Union. Nowadays, all economic requirements for membership are carried out with The European Exchange Rate Mechan ism to take candidates into the Eurozone. While debating economic criteria for EU membership, one of the most popular misbelieves is the acceptance of economic criteria which were defined by the Maastricht Treaty as prerequisites for membership. Because the way it is interpreted in the Maastricht Treaty concerns about member states. They mention about neither the necessity of abiding by the treaty for candidates nor obligations on candidate states. However, in practice, fulfilling those criteria is also evaluate from candidate states. The economic criteria defined by the Maastricht Treaty became more concrete with the Protocol on the profuse deficit procedure and the Protocol on the Convergence Criteria Referred to in Article 109j annexed to this Treaty. In the Protocols the desired ratios and rate were announced to member states, regarding to the practical aspect of the Treaty, it is binding for candidate states as well. The economic requisites for membership are sorted with arti cles in the protocol as followsThe reference values referred to in Article 104c(2) of this Treaty are 3% for the ratio of the planned or actual government deficit to gross domestic harvest at market tolls 60% for the ratio of government debt to gross domestic product at market prices.(European Commission, 1992c)The criterion on price stability referred to in the first indent of Article 109j (l) of this Treaty shall mean that a Member State has a price performance that is sustainable and an average rate of inflation, observed over a period of one year before the examination, that does not exceed by more than 1 percentage points that of, at most, the three best performing Member States in terms of price stability. Inflation shall be measured by 30 means of the consumer price index on a comparable basis, taking into account differences in national definitions.(European Commission, 1992b)Lastly, all candidates should regulate and enact their constitutions and juridic systems to consol idate them according to European law which built up over the history of the Union and also known as the acquis communautaire. After all criteria, the negotiations phase is the last step towards membership. During the negotiations with each candidate country, progress towards face-off the Copenhagen criteria is regularly monitored. On the basis of this, decisions are made as to whether and when a particular country should join, or what actions need to be taken before its access become possible. However, even though a country successfully fulfilled the whole bunch of criteria, it is declared that the new member cannot take its place in the Union until it is considered that the EU per se shall have enough absorption capacity for this enlargement. This situation were announced with the excepts in Presidency Conclusions (Copenhagen European Council, 1993) as followsThe Unions capacity to absorb new members, while maintaining the momentum of European integration, is also an important con sideration in the general interest of both the Union and the candidate countries.(Copenhagen European Council, 1993 1)To see the officially declared requirements and explanations it can be better to quote some excerpts from official web-sites of the European Union, and then the criteria can be compared and understood with and without interpretationAccession criteriaIn 1993, at the Copenhagen European Council, the Union took a decisive step towards the fifth enlargement, agreeing that the associated countries in Central and Eastern Europe that so desire shall become members of the European Union. Thus, enlargement was no longer a question of if, but when.Concerning the timing, the European Council states Accession will take place as soon as an associated country is able to assume the obligations of membership by satisfying the economic and political conditions required. At the same time, it defined the membership criteria, which are often referred to as the Copenhagen criteria.Copen hagen European CouncilMembership criteria require that the candidate country must have achievedstability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and protection of minoritiesthe existence of a functioning market economy as well as the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Unionthe ability to take on the obligations of membership including adherence to the aims of political, economic monetary union.capital of Spain European CouncilMembership criteria also require that the candidate country must have created the conditions for its integration through the adjustment of its administrative structures, as underlined by the Madrid European Council in December 1995. While it is important that European Community legislation is transposed into national legislation, it is even more important that the legislation is implemented effectively through appropriate administrative and judicial structures. This is a prerequ isite of the mutual trust required by EU membership. (European Commision, 2010)As opposed to the membership criteria and the EUs Acquis Communautaire, general criticisms are the lack of certainty and elaboration in membership criteria, not mentioning in Acquis Communautaire about cancelling membership in the case of refusing to carry out sanctions and penalties opted by the EU and the slightly existence of flexibility towards extreme case such as a desire of a member state to quit from the Union. In other words, there are sometimes conflicting interpretations in current member states about membership criteria and cancelling membership of an idle member state. On the other hand, the right of quitting form the union is recently added to the EU acquis with the Treaty of Lisbon.Before the Treaty of Lisbon entered into force on 1 December 2009 no provision in the treaties or law of the European Union outlined the ability of a state to voluntary withdraw from EU. The European Constitution did propose such a provision and, after the failure to ratify the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, that provision was then included in the Lisbon Treaty.The treaty introduces an exit clause for members who wish to withdraw from the Union. This formalizes the procedure by stating that a member state may notify the European Council that it wishes to withdraw, upon which withdrawal negotiations begin if no other agreement is reached the treaty ceases to apply to the withdrawing state two years after such notification.(Wikipedia, 2010b)Any Member State may decide to withdraw from the Union in accordance with its own constitutional requirements.(European Comission, 2007 Article 50)2.2 Enlargement ActivitiesThe European Union enlarged fifth times so far and enlargements with greater amount of candidates mostly occurred through eastern European countries after the definition of the criteria mentioned above. This enlargement process started in 1952 when the European Union was still called as the European Coal and Steel Community. Since then, the EU has achieved to have twenty-seven member states with the most recent expansion to Bulgaria and Romania in 2007.Table 1. The EUs enlargements and its approved membersAccessionApplicantIssuedEnlargements23 July 1952FranceN/AFounding Members23 July 1952(West) GermanyN/A23 July 1952BelgiumN/A23 July 1952ItalyN/A23 July 1952NetherlandsN/A23 July 1952LuxembourgN/A1 January 1973United Kingdom10 luxurious 1961First Enlargement10 May 19671 January 1973Denmark10 August 196111 May 19671 January 1973Ireland10 August 196111 May 19671 January 1981Greece12 June 1975Second Enlargement1 January 1986Spain28 June 1977Third Enlargement1 January 1986Portugal28 March 19771 January 1995Austria17 July 1989Fourth Enlargement1 January 1995Sweden1 July 19911 January 1995Finland18 March 19921 May 2004Cyprus3 July 1990Fifth Enlargement1 May 2004Malta3 July 19901 May 2004Hungary31 March 19941 May 2004Poland5 April 19941 May 2004Slovakia2 7 June 19951 May 2004Latvia13 September 19951 May 2004Estonia24 November 19951 May 2004Lithuania8 December 19951 May 2004Czech commonwealth17 January 19961 May 2004Slovenia10 June 19961 January 2007Romania22 June 19951 January 2007Bulgaria14 December 1995Within the table above the enlargements and candidate countries are sorted according to historical antecedence. On the other side, there are also countries which could not join the EU because of particular reasons. The United Kingdom is vetoed by the French Government in 1961 and Denmark and Ireland