Business Case Study Essay Example for Free

blood line line organization Case Study EssayA report on investigation into Business Case seek May 02, 2013 Acquainted with your Business situation. I see a few problems within your business. One of the problems is changes in economic environment, which lead to conflict between stakeholders. The other problem is change of business bodily structure. A winner factor for any business is to analyse and understand the external environment in which it operates. Understanding of antithetic types of stakeholders within business is essential too. To analyse business situation various method can be used. To analyse your current business situation I have used SWAT analyse which go forth give you probability better understand external environment and how it can impact your business. And will help oneself you better understand conflict between stakeholders. The most underlying SWOT analyse will examine how threats and opportunities can be dealt with while allowing the organisation to utilise its strengths and weaknesses to meet its key success factors objectives. A basic SWOT analysis should include an assessment of where the company is at current time and where it wishes to be at some point in the future .The organisation also needs to decide how far away(predicate) that future is-it will vary from a few month to many years depending on the organisation, the temper of the business and its current situation (B 120, Book 1). SWOT analysis for the The Lodge Bistro Chain Strengths New IT governing body Initiative management stuff Possibility to adjust to changes Name and business recognition Weaknesses In orchis structure High stuff turnover Inconsistency in standards Opportunities New consumers base Reinstate some formal structure and rules Threats Complete loss of conceptLose of standards Competition External economic environment As you can see from analyse above that the strengths will be recognition of your business and poss ibility of the business to adjust to newfangled economic environment as you have initiative management team as it is described in Business Case As an example of these issues, the young manager of one of the cafes in a central urban location began to offer a range of less expensive snacks to put up for diners on low incomes and reduced packaging to respond to the environmentally friendly principles of many customers.Another, in an region close to an office complex, offered a range of healthy eating options. It clearly shows that you have opportunities to attract new consumers base. Reinstate some formal structure and rules will give you better opportunity to get the hang business Weaknesses arise from high stuff turnover, as you spend time, recourses for educating stuff. I think it would be sound to investigate why they leaving and looking for benefits packages you can purpose to your stuff And main threats arise from losing standards, abundant competition and economic environm ent.For future I would purpose you to use methods like SWAT, STEEP and analyse of stakeholders out front making any changes. Would be beneficial to make SWAT analyse on the way business was in 80s and use it as comparison to current situation. It will give you opportunity to reinforce some formal structure more successfully. References The Open University (2006) B120 An Induction to business studies, Book 1, What is a business? , Milton Keynes, The Open University, page 95.

Essay Essay Example for Free

adjudicate EssayT present argon some(prenominal) things in our life that we can compare and contrast to ace an early(a), besides one subject that stands out to me would be the differences between male and female person friends. We all see friends that are male and female in our life. Although, we do not really notice it sometimes but there are many similarities and differences between having male and female friends. Therefore, in this paper I get out be explaining the similarities and differences in having male and female friends.When verbalizeing about female friends, most people mean about emotions. Female friends love to talk to each other about emotions, which draws them closer as friends. They talk about the deepest problems and never hold back how they feel to one another. Female friends will as well as evidence physical contact by hugging one another and kissing each others cheek. They also are more comfortable around each other. For example, females are not sca red to budge clothes around each other and tell each other how they are really feeling. Although, having a female friend is more capable to put drama in our life. Drama is something most girls puree for they love to have a lot of drama in their life. This addiction for females can cause a lot of problems for themselves as well as their closest friends. Having a female friend can also be an advantage for other females because they will let their friends borrow each others items. Therefore, if psyche needs a new dress for a party they can just look into their friends loo and simply take it for the night. Female friends are good to have although male friends are completely diverse than the female friends in our life.Although when we talk about male friends, most people think loyalty. Un same(p) female friends male friends do not like to talk about emotions. viriles like to talk about other things as in, basketball games, different girls they think are cute, or how life is going i n general. male person friends also do not show physical contact like female friends do. Male friends do not like tousually hug or touch their female or male friends unless it is their noteworthy other. They also do not hide anything they will tell us the truth no emergence how bad it will hurt us. Unlike female friends they do not like nor carry drama. Male friends do not like drama at all, they stand as far away as possible from it. The advantage of having a male friend is they do not strive for drama like females, so we will not be pulled into their problems. Also unlike female friends, males do not let other friends borrow their clothes, they rarely let anyone touch or wear their clothes but themselves. These many differences between male and female friends that I have mentioned also have similarities.No matter how many differences male and female friends have, there are also many similarities. Having both male and female friends egest us many options on who we can go and tal k to about anything. No matter if they are a female or male friend, we know that they will always be here to hold dear us and listen to every problem we have. Both types of friends also make us feel precious and loved. Even if we are having a bad day we have both genders of friends to cheer us up not matter the circumstances.In conclusion, female and male friends are similar and different in many ways. We need to be friends with both female and male to make a good balance in our friendships. No matter how much female or male friends we have they all benefit us in many ways. Although, there are many differences in the gender of friends, they are always here for us no matter the differences or similarities.

Ordering System Essay Example for Free

Ordering System Essay introIn recent years, technology is evolving rapidly. The use of computers is mostly needed for business day-to-day operations, evidently in most institutions like grocery set ups. Grocery stores are familiar to most people and located end-to-end the country, although their sizes and range of goods and services often vary. livestocks in the grocery store industry primarily sell a range of food items, but may also sell some nonfood goods. Most grocery store employees work in a clean, well-lighted, and climate-controlled environment. However, work at cartridge clips support become hectic, and dealing with customers can be stressful with the use of manual process. In this study, we want to develop a new organization for Jewel and Nickel Grocery Store Order System that will help them to minimize the time in taking the orders of their costumers, minimize the time in computing the total amount of each transactions, and to diminish the errors and problems in taking the costumers order for more efficient and time effective process.JEWEL AND NICKEL grocery STORE starts in 1990 with a capital of one thousand pesos only. The owner starts their grocery store on their own. The name of the store comes from the owners siblings Jewel their son and Nickel their daughter. Jewel and Nickel Store is located at PritilBinangonan Rizal and they are open at eight in the morning until six in the evening. After 22 years of selling quality goods, their store is instantaneously much bigger and now they have their own passenger boat and a lotto outlet.MISSIONTo sell quality goods and to score at least 3% profit.VISSIONTo satisfy their costumer and to make sure that our goods are all in good quality.

Perceptual Maps Essay Example for Free

Perceptual Maps Essay

EU Membership Criteria Evaluation Dissertation

EU social station Criteria Evaluation Dissertation rescindThe purpose of this thesis is sacrificeing a new social rank mechanism for the europiuman confederacy (EU). As the EU struggles with different kind of issues those showed up lately payable to its social rank mechanism, the demand for a new social status governing body arises. The thesis follows five musical notes to come up with a new solution. First step covers in seduceation of the period rank musical arrangement. back up step refers particular problems closely related with rank organisation. In third phase the frame make for of the recommended constitution is built up considering the problems. at bottom the fourth step, the new st driftgy applied on mentioned problems to manipulate how it effects certain situation in theory. Fin each(prenominal)y, the self-criticism on the recommended constitution and the parity between recommended and reliable social station mechanism is done in the fifth part.To un derstand the necessity of a new social station strategy at least the existent structure with its historical background shall(a) be know. As much as knowing well the inception of problems, analyzing problems separately is in addendum demand to perform a solution. In the same way to come up with a solution, the establishment of the system shall be based on arguments those proveed step up during the examination of the current social rank system. While settling the new system, required elements were inspired from different disciplines of the social science. To check the functionality of the new system, it is applied to related problems. More specific explanations or so the system argon held during this checking dish. counterbalance if it sounds well surgical operation in theory, in that location might be rough points to criticize in the new system since the perfection of a system is hard to achieve in social topics. The farthest thing to decide intimately whether choos ing the recommended system or not is comparing the system with the current one according to their advantages and disadvantages.All in all, the thesis claims that the European Union is going to behave a propellent portionship mechanism which provides more efficiency in genus Phallusship activities. As a result, the EU can solve its problems and gain its structural solidity. In former(a) words, the unification of member states whitethorn process faster than before.INTRODUCTIONThe AssumptionThe European Union is NOT a sacredly organise structure un comparable it is suspected and conspired as a Christianity Union by close to governmental scientists.1.2 The EU and necessity of a new membership systemEurope has achieved a very stunning build up in unification so far. However the mind bending motility Does the unification make anything break off for all of the EU countries? unflurried doesnt have a clear answer. From 1952 Paris agreement until 2007 the last expanding upon, the European Union (EU) enlarged fifth times and each enlargement separately came with some pros and cons. It has been joust that how come a positive and beneficial work on could create drawbacks and be harmful rather than helpful. Even though the ideology behind the establishment of the European Union is basically covers mutual beneficial agreement, in some way enlargements make some members current social and economic situation worse. Besides, there ar as well as some debates on whether enlargements should continue or not. After considering long-term cost-benefit analysis of enlargement attempts some doubts justifiably wound up about necessity of enlargement. The answer of these kinds of questions and results of these arguments go out be as well as provided if the dilemma of enlargement is solved. It is easy to point out the problems and backwards of enlargement observing the social and economic fluctuation in the EU countries. However, home run the initial cause and f undamental reason of these problems and to find exact solutions, as much as the source of problems argon different and varied and cannot be solved without major regulations, the enlargement structure should be examined per se. Thus, to watch the main stream of enlargement problems, essentially focusing on the enlargement progress is necessary.As the question aroused about the enlargement progress, the membership process that the skeleton of enlargement is so important to essay and scoot after the basic reason of problems in the EU with cost-benefit perspective. It can be said that the membership process whitethorn actually the origin of the problems which can be monitored in the EU. To see how membership process affects the Union badly, a comparison of social and economic indicators between current and previous situations is truly required. In other words, analyzing from the big bang of the EU till current situation by looking at enlargement results gives some clues to underst and how problematic the membership process is. Additionally, the current social and economic situation of the EU members and the EUs relations with other states are also helpful indicators to recognize the problem in membership process. Furthermore, during the analysis it can be observed that in some cases the legal and written rules of the EU come short to cover the legal loophole at the current membership process.After reaching the cobblers last of analysis about the membership process, the system can be regulated and may be re-create according to the results those show us whether the system should be changed. Although if the results objectively refer the moderate performance of membership process, a new prospectively designed system testament good-tempered be suggested to optimize the system and increase efficiency. Because by having a flashback to the establishment of the ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community) it can be seen that the main scheme of the EU was created to improve and support efficiency among countries. Thus if there is a more efficient and beneficial system which helps the EU to get rid of its problems curiously, it should be preferred to current membership process due to ideologic background of the EU, even though the current system works with difficulties. Besides, the recommended system will compromise with the current system by adapting most of its features.Mostly, membership systems are thought so strictly binding with members and rules of membership are not energizing to adopt with a new unknow situation. But the recommended membership system which will be designed and tested can bring dynamism into the EU structure. The structure of membership process is bases on the framework of dynamic systems. As the ideology and motto of the new system, it can be said the whole world changes and differs every second to form adjustment with each items in it, systems also should be so dynamic that adopt with every sort of situation. In ot her words, the life is dynamic by itself. Therefore, a dynamic system for the EU membership mechanism is more realistic than a static membership model. Even in social sciences much(prenominal) as economics a dynamic analysis of providence is more explanatory than a static analysis and it also has more condition results.This thesis follows on five steps those will give us an understanding of change and the disagreement of new membership system. First of all, the current membership system and enlargement activities will be mentioned to observe the current situation. Secondly, the inter field, social and economical problems caused by current membership system will be mentioned specially. The current problems and the lack of solution method against them will be shown in this part. Thirdly, the difference and requirements of new recommended membership system will be introduced. Furthermore, the occupation of the new membership system will be tried out with problems which would have been mentioned on the second step. Lastly, the conclusion to make an overall analysis and self-criticism of nominated membership system emphasizing advantages and disadvantages of both membership systems will be pointed out. At the beginning of the thesis, the assumption is placed in the middle of the first page without any additional script to emphasize it very strongly. Because the whole thesis is bases on the assumption that the European Union is just a union tries to increase common benefits of all countries in Europe without any discrimination. Otherwise, if it was not said so and the European Union was a religiously established union, there would be no need to improve efficiency of the membership process because the solely one membership criterion that would have been looked for would be the Christianity of the applicant countries. Hence, the thesis would be smashedingless, the current application of non-Christian countries as well. The assumption also helps to set the borde r of this thesis. During the thesis, the focus will just be on objective materials without referring any speculative comments. The dynamic system will be recommended for the EU can also be used as a conflict resolution method on the other unions problem.With beliefs of the EU wants to have a more efficient and beneficial system, and also the EU defends that the unification of economic system and the harmonization of social structures shall be carried forward, a dynamic system will solve most of the problems in the union without getting in any other political debates such as religion.As an psychiatric hospital for drawbacks of the current system, slowdown in economic indicators, rising of nationalist ideology and parties, rejection of the EU constitution, domestic honourable problems in member states such as in Italy, Budget deficit problems in member states like Greece and Spain, lack of common foreign and security insurance, and loosing beliefs of scene states on the EU can be r eferred among gobs of problems.Nowadays, the EU is not in a comparable position with its former strength but the comparison of situations after and before enlargement activities will show that how the current system affects the strength of the union negatively. Thus, it will also explain how a membership system can diminish the power of a union. As simple as in the metaphor about flywheels of a machine, if there is any flywheel that works reversely, it should be gotten out from the mechanism before it blocks the working system. Even if a member state doesnt work simultaneously with the union, the Union may be able to ban the state or hold its membership for a while. Otherwise the whole legal structure doesnt help the system to work properly, this illustrates that the membership mechanism needs to be restored with an efficient one.PART ITHE CURRENT MEMBERSHIP SYSTEM AND amplification ACTIVITIES2.1 The current membership SystemThe current membership system bases on deuce-ace differ ent documents which are The 1992 Treaty of Maastricht (Article 49),The annunciation of the June 1993 European Council in Copenhagen, i.e. Copenhagen criteria, and a document is decided after negotiations about adaptation to acquis communautaire between European Union and medical prognosis state. Lately, all of the membership requirements and its legal structure were combined into the Treaty of Lisbon. This means that all of those three documents are included into the pact of Lisbon with a couple of updates. Especially, the Copenhagen Criteria are the rules that decide whether a coarse is eligible to join the European Union and they are also known as the main detailed source for the membership prerequisites. Firstly, the idea of preparing a legal content for membership carried out with the 1992 Treaty of Maastricht (Article O). In Article 49 (formerly Article O), the geographical criteria and about general policy criteria were settled down. Then, with the 1993 Copenhagen Criteri a, the general policy criteria of membership were described in more details considering three aspects Political, sparing and Legislative. After all those criteria, as a homestretch, measures and regulations decided by negotiations between the European Union and candidate states fulfill the scheme of membership requirement for the EU. Most of these criteria have been confirmed over the last cristal by legislation of the European Council, the European Commission and the European Parliament, as well as by the case law of the European Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights.The mentioned documents provide all requisites to reach a member state of the EU. Thus, criteria can be sorted with sub-categories to understand what the EU demands from candidates particularly regarding to the general policy, geographic, political, economic, and legislative criteria. As a main frame the general policy criteria can be summarized as in the Article O (Maastricht Treaty)Any European S tate may apply to generate a fraction of the Union. It shall address its application to the Council, which shall act unanimously after consulting the Commission and after receiving the give in of the European Parliament, which shall act by an absolute majority of its component members. The conditions of admission and the adjustments to the Treaties on which the Union is founded which such admission entails shall be the subject of an agreement between the 16 Member States and the applicant state. This agreement shall be submitted for ratification by all the contracting States in accordance with their respective constitutional requirements. (European Commission, 1992a)In addition to the article it can be extensively illustrated by an excerpt from the Copenhagen Presidency conclusionsMembership requires that candidate republic has achieved st efficacy of institutions guaranteeing state, the rule of law, gentleman rights, respect for and protection of minorities, the existence of a functioning merchandise economy as well as the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces deep down the Union. Membership presupposes the candidates ability to take on the obligations of membership including adherence to the aims of political, economic and monetary union. (Copenhagen European Council, 1993 1)Regarding its acquis and actions, the EU doesnt have certain steady geographic criteria for candidates. The EU refused Moroccos applications a couple of decades ago, in 1987 due to territorial and geographical difference. Besides, even though Turkey has small part of its territory on the European holy and Turkey is on negotiation phase of membership process now, the membership of Turkey is still a huge debate. On the other hand, the speculations about the membership of Israel is considerably spread because of close economic and politic relations between Israel and the EU (Europa, 2007) and new-madely some Prime Ministers of member states individually te ll that they would be happy to see Israel as a member state of the EU soon (Rettman, 2010). Hence, in the legal documents, the geographic criteria briefly demands that the candidate country shall have territory on the European continent and economical, cultural, historical and political ties with other European states as well. On the other hand, in practice, it can be seen so questionable. There is no clear answer for this dilemma. It can be easily illustrated by the circumstance that, before the rejection of Morocco, the EU accepted french Guiana to join the union despite the reality that it is in sulfur Africa. Both countries mentioned in this case have similar background within France. The only difference is irrelevant French Guiana, Morocco is independent right now. However, instead of both countries, only French Guiana is in the EU. As a result, it can be claimed that the geographical criteria are not necessarily applicable within the current membership mechanism.Until 1993 the decision-making process of membership doesnt have clear references. The clear expression of prerequisites is declared with the Copenhagen Criteria. However, when member states agree on criteria in 1993, there was no mechanism for ensuring that any member state was in contour with these criteria. Nevertheless some legal arrangements and sanctions have been imposed to monitor compliance with these criteria. The first victim of this action was the Austrian government of Wolfgang Schssel in early 2000. They have been come across with sanctions of the other 14 Member States governments because of not compensating the membership requisites. These legal arrangements came into effect under the preps of the Treaty of Nice on the first of February 2003. With Copenhagen Criteria three more aspects were added into membership mechanism Political, Legislative and Economic criteria. These criteria are going to be explained particularly as followsAs a crucial part of political criteria the EU ask for a amalgamate democracy from candidate states. According to most political science scholars, the definition of united democracy contains these three steps Competitive elections, Liberties such as freedom of expression, freedom of press and freedom of association, and Consolidation of democracy in society. fused democratic governance requires that all citizens of the country shall be able to participate evenly in the political decision making process at every single governing level. Consolidated democracy also means free and fair elections with a secret ballot, freedom of press, the right to establish political parties without any obstacle from the state rulers, freedom of association, freedom of expression, rule of laws and freedom of standing running play by unbiased free judges. The second political criteria for candidate states is the rule of law which expresses government mandate may only be exercised in accordance with documented and written laws. They should be adopted through with(predicate) an established procedure. In case of arbitrary rulings towards individuals, the principle is supposed to be a safeguard. The third political criterion to join the European Union is respecting the Human rights in every kind of situation. The fall in Nations familiar Declaration of Human Rights is considered the most authoritative formulation of human rights and the EU is also admitted its legitimacy. According to the declaration human rights which every person holds because of their quality as a human being should be protect against all threats. Besides, those rights are inalienable and belonging to all humans. Briefly, if a right is inalienable, that means it cannot be limited, granted, bestowed, bartered away, or sold away. These include the right to life, the right to be prosecuted only according to the rule of laws, the right to be free from slavery, and the right to be free from torture.(Wikipedia, 2010a) The last but not the least political c riteria for EU membership are respect for minorities and protecting their rights. At the beginning there was no clarity in definition of minorities in member states. But in 1995 with the Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (COE) the EU declared minorities in member states and defined their rights with consensus. However, minorities in member states are defined by a consensus deputation which was formed by member states therefore not all minorities could be regarded and defined within the concept. The consensus commission (the Venice Commission) reached the conclusion of the Convention for the Protection of National Minorities which protects minorities by defining them as a group which is low in number than the rest of the population of a State, whose members, who are nationals of that State, have ethnical, religious or linguistic features different from those of the rest of the population, and are guided by the will to safeguard their culture, traditions, religi on or expression (Venice Commision, 2004 1). According to the definition of national minorities, unlike others, recent minorities such as immigrant populations have not been listed by signatory countries in the convention. This can be seen by checking the list of national minorities published by Council of Europe (Council of Europe, 2007).Another issue of the EU membership mechanism which can also be considered as a membership requirement is the economic criteria. As it is obviously known that the free market economy is the main characteristic of the EU. Speaking generally about free market economy, candidate countries shall have a functioning free market economy and the system should not be interfered by government as little as it is possible. Besides, their producers shall have the capability to deal with competitive pressure of free market and market forces within the Union. Nowadays, all economic requirements for membership are carried out with The European Exchange Rate Mechan ism to take candidates into the Eurozone. While debating economic criteria for EU membership, one of the most popular misbelieves is the acceptance of economic criteria which were defined by the Maastricht Treaty as prerequisites for membership. Because the way it is interpreted in the Maastricht Treaty concerns about member states. They mention about neither the necessity of abiding by the treaty for candidates nor obligations on candidate states. However, in practice, fulfilling those criteria is also evaluate from candidate states. The economic criteria defined by the Maastricht Treaty became more concrete with the Protocol on the profuse deficit procedure and the Protocol on the Convergence Criteria Referred to in Article 109j annexed to this Treaty. In the Protocols the desired ratios and rate were announced to member states, regarding to the practical aspect of the Treaty, it is binding for candidate states as well. The economic requisites for membership are sorted with arti cles in the protocol as followsThe reference values referred to in Article 104c(2) of this Treaty are 3% for the ratio of the planned or actual government deficit to gross domestic harvest at market tolls 60% for the ratio of government debt to gross domestic product at market prices.(European Commission, 1992c)The criterion on price stability referred to in the first indent of Article 109j (l) of this Treaty shall mean that a Member State has a price performance that is sustainable and an average rate of inflation, observed over a period of one year before the examination, that does not exceed by more than 1 percentage points that of, at most, the three best performing Member States in terms of price stability. Inflation shall be measured by 30 means of the consumer price index on a comparable basis, taking into account differences in national definitions.(European Commission, 1992b)Lastly, all candidates should regulate and enact their constitutions and juridic systems to consol idate them according to European law which built up over the history of the Union and also known as the acquis communautaire. After all criteria, the negotiations phase is the last step towards membership. During the negotiations with each candidate country, progress towards face-off the Copenhagen criteria is regularly monitored. On the basis of this, decisions are made as to whether and when a particular country should join, or what actions need to be taken before its access become possible. However, even though a country successfully fulfilled the whole bunch of criteria, it is declared that the new member cannot take its place in the Union until it is considered that the EU per se shall have enough absorption capacity for this enlargement. This situation were announced with the excepts in Presidency Conclusions (Copenhagen European Council, 1993) as followsThe Unions capacity to absorb new members, while maintaining the momentum of European integration, is also an important con sideration in the general interest of both the Union and the candidate countries.(Copenhagen European Council, 1993 1)To see the officially declared requirements and explanations it can be better to quote some excerpts from official web-sites of the European Union, and then the criteria can be compared and understood with and without interpretationAccession criteriaIn 1993, at the Copenhagen European Council, the Union took a decisive step towards the fifth enlargement, agreeing that the associated countries in Central and Eastern Europe that so desire shall become members of the European Union. Thus, enlargement was no longer a question of if, but when.Concerning the timing, the European Council states Accession will take place as soon as an associated country is able to assume the obligations of membership by satisfying the economic and political conditions required. At the same time, it defined the membership criteria, which are often referred to as the Copenhagen criteria.Copen hagen European CouncilMembership criteria require that the candidate country must have achievedstability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and protection of minoritiesthe existence of a functioning market economy as well as the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Unionthe ability to take on the obligations of membership including adherence to the aims of political, economic monetary union.capital of Spain European CouncilMembership criteria also require that the candidate country must have created the conditions for its integration through the adjustment of its administrative structures, as underlined by the Madrid European Council in December 1995. While it is important that European Community legislation is transposed into national legislation, it is even more important that the legislation is implemented effectively through appropriate administrative and judicial structures. This is a prerequ isite of the mutual trust required by EU membership. (European Commision, 2010)As opposed to the membership criteria and the EUs Acquis Communautaire, general criticisms are the lack of certainty and elaboration in membership criteria, not mentioning in Acquis Communautaire about cancelling membership in the case of refusing to carry out sanctions and penalties opted by the EU and the slightly existence of flexibility towards extreme case such as a desire of a member state to quit from the Union. In other words, there are sometimes conflicting interpretations in current member states about membership criteria and cancelling membership of an idle member state. On the other hand, the right of quitting form the union is recently added to the EU acquis with the Treaty of Lisbon.Before the Treaty of Lisbon entered into force on 1 December 2009 no provision in the treaties or law of the European Union outlined the ability of a state to voluntary withdraw from EU. The European Constitution did propose such a provision and, after the failure to ratify the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, that provision was then included in the Lisbon Treaty.The treaty introduces an exit clause for members who wish to withdraw from the Union. This formalizes the procedure by stating that a member state may notify the European Council that it wishes to withdraw, upon which withdrawal negotiations begin if no other agreement is reached the treaty ceases to apply to the withdrawing state two years after such notification.(Wikipedia, 2010b)Any Member State may decide to withdraw from the Union in accordance with its own constitutional requirements.(European Comission, 2007 Article 50)2.2 Enlargement ActivitiesThe European Union enlarged fifth times so far and enlargements with greater amount of candidates mostly occurred through eastern European countries after the definition of the criteria mentioned above. This enlargement process started in 1952 when the European Union was still called as the European Coal and Steel Community. Since then, the EU has achieved to have twenty-seven member states with the most recent expansion to Bulgaria and Romania in 2007.Table 1. The EUs enlargements and its approved membersAccessionApplicantIssuedEnlargements23 July 1952FranceN/AFounding Members23 July 1952(West) GermanyN/A23 July 1952BelgiumN/A23 July 1952ItalyN/A23 July 1952NetherlandsN/A23 July 1952LuxembourgN/A1 January 1973United Kingdom10 luxurious 1961First Enlargement10 May 19671 January 1973Denmark10 August 196111 May 19671 January 1973Ireland10 August 196111 May 19671 January 1981Greece12 June 1975Second Enlargement1 January 1986Spain28 June 1977Third Enlargement1 January 1986Portugal28 March 19771 January 1995Austria17 July 1989Fourth Enlargement1 January 1995Sweden1 July 19911 January 1995Finland18 March 19921 May 2004Cyprus3 July 1990Fifth Enlargement1 May 2004Malta3 July 19901 May 2004Hungary31 March 19941 May 2004Poland5 April 19941 May 2004Slovakia2 7 June 19951 May 2004Latvia13 September 19951 May 2004Estonia24 November 19951 May 2004Lithuania8 December 19951 May 2004Czech commonwealth17 January 19961 May 2004Slovenia10 June 19961 January 2007Romania22 June 19951 January 2007Bulgaria14 December 1995Within the table above the enlargements and candidate countries are sorted according to historical antecedence. On the other side, there are also countries which could not join the EU because of particular reasons. The United Kingdom is vetoed by the French Government in 1961 and Denmark and Ireland

The Criminal Justice System And Race Criminology Essay

The Criminal Justice System And Race Criminology EssayConceptions of hunt down inside the wicked rightness establishment control always been a controversial issue. Indeed, there is no denying that in terms of prison population ethnic minorities atomic number 18 grossly overrepresented despite making up only 2% of the total population of Britain, b atomic number 18 state still make up 15% of the population of prisons (Ashworth). If one assumes that these statistics represent overt racialism within the governance of the lamentable arbiter arrangement then calls for re sour and possibility of change will be high, however there has been a disposal to see these statistics as presenting the demonstrate of an irreconcilable problem, of deeper seated decay within, not just in the begin echelons of the outlaw justness system, scarce society as a whole (Chelitotis and Liebling). If this is so then the firmness of purpose to whether the criminal justice system foundation be made to operate equitably in congeneric to race whitethorn require a answer of deeper reforms.It is necessary to assess first the query of whether racism endures within the system and if so, to what extent. Bowling contends that there exists an either, or debate whether the over mental representation in the prison population is the consequence of a higher rate of black volume committing offences, or, conversely, the result of an accumulation of bias throughout the criminal process. Waters, in his early article Race and the Criminal Justice Process, suggests that the debate can be push defined as those that fall into the wakeless pointors camp, who believe that the reason for differences custodial sentence decisions are legal factors such(prenominal) as severity of offence and previous criminal record (which may in themselves be the result of vaster structural and economic factors such as unemployment and poverty) and that these variables quite satisfactorily explain the p redominance of black hoi polloi in prison. One the other hand the extra-legal factors camp argue that over and above the racial discrimination experienced in society as a whole, black people receive raw and inferior treatment by virtue of the ethnicity at the hands of a predominantly white justice system.Oxbridge Essays www.oxbridgeessays.comThe research conducted by Hood would seem to suggest that there are in existence many extra legal factors and thence discrimination in sentencing. Hood found that after samples had been matched on variables prophetical of custodial sentences (e.g. seriousness of offence, previous convictions, employment, and other pre-sentence report findings) there was a 5% greater hap of beingness handed a custodial sentence if you were black, and that this difference (which likewise resulted in black defendants being sentenced for 3 months longer and Asians 9 months longer where a not dishonored plea was entered). However Ashworth highlights the fact that Hoods research does not account for the fact that more(prenominal) black people enter guilty pleas, get to come to the crown court where sentences given are often harsher and may disproportionately become tough in more serious crime. frankincense the study is not conclusive that there does not exist a whole host of other factors why ethnic minorities may come to be within the system in the first place. Indeed, Von Hirsch and Roberts in their reflections on the Hood study highlight the problems inherent in the assumption of a level playing field of the variables chosen. For example, with employment there is evidence that black people suffer from disadvantage in the labour market, so to take this into account when sentencing would amount to an indirect form of discrimination. indeed there are clearly deeper roots of discrimination which cumulatively result in the discrepancies seen. Chelitotis and Liebling argue that differences in levels and patterns of offending may result from a vicious crime circle of stereotyping black people as more crime prone. This leads to over-policing ethnic minority neighbourhoods, thereby drawing more ethnic minorities into the criminal justice net, consequently extending their criminal records and meaning they are more apparent to be sentenced severely. They are also therefore more likely to be re-targeted by the police, resulting, again, in increasingly punitive sentencing when they are reconvicted. and then it would seem the problem is not merely in the overt form of discrimination, but exists throughout the system, maybe even worsening the lower the visibility level becomes.One only needs to take a look at the stop and search statistics to see this borne out, black people being 6.5 times more likely to be stopped and Oxbridge Essays www.oxbridgeessays.com ), leading to s call attention that ethnic minorities are over policed and downstairs protected. However, once again the evince is not so clear cut it can be ar gued that what the figures in reality represent is differences in the suit of crime committed, with ethnic minorities being more involved in course crime such as do drugs offences and therefore more likely to be stopped and searched in suspicion of such relatively visible activity. This is further exacerbated by social and demographic factors and by differences in work and leisure life which mean that not only are minorities in greater poesy in areas and at times where searches occur, but that more searches occur in the urban areas in which they live, in which unemployment and social deprivation are high (. Nevertheless the wide discretion accorded to police in such cases means that the prevalence of minority groups in the figures suggests some form of racism.searched than white people, and Asians twice as likely (Home Office 2005),given that the majority ofthese initial stops do not lead to anyfurther action(87%), it would seemto suggest that this is merely evidence of discrimi natoryracial profilingand stereotyping.Whilst the basis of such actions is of s1 ofPACE (which permits police to stop and search with onlyreasonable suspicion)and s60 CJPOA (which permits searches without suspicion where seriousviolence is anticipated or to searchfor weapons), andtherefore essentiallylegal, its exercise can be seen as targeted (Quinton), leading to Reiners comment that ethnic minorities are over policed and under protected.However,once again the picture is not so clear cutit can be argued that what the figures actually represent is differences in the type of crime committed,withethnic minorities being more involved in street crime such as drug offencesand thereforemore likely to be stopped and searched in suspicion of suchrelatively visibleactivity. This is further exacerbated by social and demographicfactors and by differences in work and leisure life which mean thatnot only are minorities in greater numbers in areas and at times where searches occur, butthatmore s earches occur in the urban areas in which they live, in whichunemploymentand social deprivation are high (Philips). Nevertheless the widediscretion accorded to police in such cases means that the prevalenceofminority groups in the figures suggests some formof racism.Indeed, the Macpherson Inquiry into the Stephen Lawrence social occasion was elucidatory on the existenceof ecesisal racism within the police system,defined byMacphersonas the collective failure of an organisation to providean appropriateand professionalservice to people because of their colour,culture or ethnic origin, it can be seen detected in the processes, attitudes andbehaviour which amountto unwitting prejudice, ignorance,thoughtlessnessand racist stereotypingwhich disadvantages ethnic minorities and thereforewould accountfor the disproportionate representation ofblacks in the systemand for the high level of racist incidents detected (police recorded racistincidents have increased dramatically from4,383 incident s in 1988 to 52,694 in2004-Home Office). Whilst foragehighlights that Macphersons discussion oninstitutional racismfails to locate with sufficientprecision its roots within thestructure of operational policy and the relationship amongst policeand minorityOxbridge Essayswww.oxbridgeessays.comOxbridge Essays www.oxbridgeessays.com as well as asserts that institutional racism does exist, and that it stems not only from the occupational culture of the police and the particular forms of contact they have with ethnic minorities, but also from the belief that they are dangerous classes. Stopping and searching therefore represents a form of generalised surveillance of those who they believe to have low political capital. In these ways Lea argues that racism does arise from the normal functioning of the police system, a sentiment that was echoed by a comment from the film director General of the Prison Service 2001 when he said that the prison is an institutionally racist institution whi ch reflects an institutionally racist white society().communities,Lea alike asserts that institutional racismdoes exist,and that itstems notonly from the occupational culture of the police and the particularforms of contact theyhave with ethnic minorities, but also fromthe belief thatthey are dangerous classes.Stopping andsearching therefore represents aformof generalised surveillance of those who they believe to have little politicalcapital. In these ways Lea argues that racism does arisefrom the normalfunctioning of the police system, a sentiment that was echoed by a commentfrom the Director General of the Prison Service 2001 when he said that theprison is an institutionally racist institution which reflects an institutionally racistwhite society(Lea).Thus it can be seen that a complex interplay of socio-economic, demographic,institutional, structuraland culturalfactors, alongside direct and indirect racialdiscrimination (Philips) are responsiblefor the overrepresentation anddiscr iminatory outcomes evident in the system.Edgar and Martinconcur,suggesting that in the linguistic context ofdiscussion on discriminatory treatment withinprisons, the experiences of ethnic minorities should be see in the context ofexpectations which might have arisen fromcontact with other criminal justiceagencies. Further,Wacquentnotes that prison confines groups endowed with negative symbolic capital, and that their branding constitutes part oftherelationship between the confined and thosein authority. Just as the prison,heargues, may mirror external macro-socialtrends, so too can it lead to theirexistence by stigmatising and curtailing the life chances of ethnic minoritiesfurther. Thus once again,discrimination can be seen to be adeep-seatedissue, and one which is not necessarily adequately addressed by combatingthe administration of the laws.Waters, in his article, expresses the need todistinguish between concepts ofequality and equity.Indeed, it can be seenthat equality between treatment of black and white offenders does notnecessarily equate to becomingness or appropriateness, and we should give forjustice rather than equality per se in recognition that society is notequal. This is acomparative exercise where quality meansthatsameness is notnecessarily desirable,and justice may demand some differentiation on groundsof race in order to treat all people equitably(Pinder). For example, in relation tothe employment point above, recognising the inequalities in the labour marketOxbridge Essayswww.oxbridgeessays.comOxbridge Essays www.oxbridgeessays.com notes, the challenge for the criminal justice system is to discover at what point negotiated differentiation becomes an imposed discrimination. We need to distinguish between notions of process and outcome justice and blondness in the way laws are administered does not necessarily make them fair in and of themselves. Thus, there exists discrimination on a broad level within the criminal justice system, which n eeds to be recognised and addressed at the decision-making level. As advocates, it is necessary to address both the administration of the system with regard to race, but also the policies themselves, and what is necessary to ensure that treatment throughout the system is fair.and therefore not unduly discriminating against those who are unemployed during sentencing may help to furtherfairness overall. As Van Dykenotes, thechallenge for the criminal justice system is to discover at what point negotiateddifferentiation becomes an imposed discrimination.We need to distinguishbetween notionsofprocess and outcome justice and fairness in the way laws are administered does not necessarily make themfair inandof themselves.Thus,there exists discrimination on a broad levelwithin the criminal justicesystem,which needs to be recognised andaddressed at the decision-making level. As Von Hirschadvocates, it is necessary to address both theadministration of the system withregard to race,but also th e policiesthemselves, and what is necessary to ensure that treatment throughout thesystem is fair.The fact of the matter, however, is that ethnic minorities do notcare whatreasonsunderpinthe discrimination they are suffering, whether it be due tobroader socio-economic factors or whether it issues directly from the personthey are dealingwith (Waters). The result is a lack of legitimacy in their eyes,attributed to the criminal justice system as a whole, resulting in blackdefendants being more likely to pleadnot guilty and to optfor the Crown court(Von Hirsch),thus furtherincreasingtheir propensity to be sentencedseverely. The problem becomes perpetualif the justice system is viewed asinequitable it will breed defianceamong those who smelling they are not beingtreated fairly, resulting in afurtherhike in the overrepresentation ofethnicminorities within the system. If the system is to made to operate equitably in relation to race it will require a tall order of reforms. Whilst direct a nd institutional racism can be addressed by ethnic minority recruitment drives within the police force,and racial awareness trainingfor all criminal justiceofficials, the broadersocial-economic issues will require change in politicaland social policy(Hood and Shute). Whatis clearis that race is a covertissuea difficult problem to attemptto address as so few are willing toacknowledge its existenceoutright(Bosworth). Thus perhaps most pertinentwould be to increase awareness of the prevalenceofbroaderforms of indirectdiscrimination and social inequality and to attempt to keep these concerns inOxbridge Essayswww.oxbridgeessays.comOxbridge Essays www.oxbridgeessays.commind so that decisions at all stages can, at least as much as is possible, be made equitably.

Literature Review on Breast Cancer Research

Literature Review on embrace pubic lo consumption ResearchAashiyana Vadsariya portal Evaluation is a treat of limited reviewing of any political program, project or policy, its design and results. The main objective of insideng rating is to measure the impressiveness of the course of instruction or policy, its disturb and sustainability. Evaluation helps to solve the problem as sanitary as to build the knowledge and it enhances the decision making border and thus evaluation is an important split up of eccentric progress (The health Foundation, 2015).There be opposite types of evaluation such as plastic evaluation, return evaluation, process evaluation, touch on evaluation and frugal evaluation which can be conducted to ensure curriculum activities. More all over, vigorous evaluation translates not only about intervention that is worked but it likewise imbibes why and how that allows an person to discover new interventions in healthcare settings. Addi tionally, it involves ethical approval, collection and abridgment of in miscellanyation (Centre for Disease mode sum up and Prevention, 2015).Background of the submitAccording to Ministry of Health (2015), Breast genus crabmeat is the third most common malignant neoplastic indisposition in New Zealand. It causes more than 600 deaths every year. Breast crab louse is most common over the grow of 50 and find of developing knocker genus Cancer increases as age increases. Approximate 80% of women are over 50 years of age who died because of knocker crabby person. There are 8 cases diagnosed with detractor pubic louse every day, out of them 1 will be Maori and pacific women who are at higher risk of dying from look cancer. Maori women are more likely to develop chest of drawers cancer about 33% than non-Maori women (The New Zealand Breast Cancer Foundation, 2013). case Breast Cancer Foundation describes certain risk factors which increases the casualty of developing c ancer such as age, gender, positive family history, personal health history and genetic factors. Ministry of Health have started the course called Breast Cancer Screen Aotearoa to fight against depreciator cancer by providing unloosen knocker blanket to the women aged 45-69 years of age. The main objective of this programme is to sheer number of deaths from pinhead cancer by providing them regular screen (National display Unit, 2014).This paper will critically evaluate cardinal (5) enquiry papers of breast cancer that were published worldwide focusing on their significance, methodology and quality and will analyse the quadruple (4) audit and evaluation processes and approaches such as outcome, process, impact, economic evaluation from the evaluated breast cancer research papers. frugal evaluation of the breast cancer masking programme in the Basque hoidenish backward woo- intensity level and budget impact compend.This field of nurture evaluated the breast cancer ea rly detection programme in Basque country in relation to cost effectiveness and budget impact from 1996 to 2011. The researcher has used existence level and single age group analysis methodology. Annual costs were taken into consideration for budget impact analysis. The results of this study showed that total cost of breast cancer screening program was 1,127 million euros and 6.7 million QALYs over the lifetime of the target population, bringing about a pickup of 8,666 QALYs for an extra cost of 36.4 million euros (Arrospide, grief Van Ravesteyn et al., 2016).The researcher has finally summed up that the breast screening programme ran in Basque country was cost effective and as per take rootd budget impact. This study contributes to measure cost effectiveness of this breast cancer screening programme and evaluate its budget in order to decide the future of this programme.A review of breast cancer sentience among women in India Cancer literate or cognisance deficit?This stud y was conducted to assess the level of awareness about risk factors leads to breast cancer in Indian women and healthcare professionals through literature review. The researcher used bibliographic databases such as MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Cochrane database of systematic reviews and Cumulative ability to Nursing and Allied Health. The findings of the research suggested that total 7066 number of women between ages of 15-70 years reflected different level of awareness on risk factors such as family history (13-58%), obesity (11-50%) and reproductive history around 1-88% (Gupta, Shridhar Dhillon, 2015). downhearted cancer literacy on risk factors of breast cancer among Indian women and healthcare professional noted during research process irrespective of their socio-economic status and education was (Gupta, Shridhar Dhillon, 2015). This study contributes to aware the nation about programmes and to improve the cancer literacy rate in India by engaging various stakeholders of society and heal th system.National Breast Cancer top Programme, Singapore Evaluation of troth and execution of instrument indicators.The researcher evaluated participation judge and performance indicators in the National Breast Cancer screening programme in Singapore during this study. This study involved the use of retrospective evaluation approach by using the BSS system and the Singapore Cancer Registry data on women aged 40-69 screened in period of 2002-2009. The results showed that participation rate was more than 10% since 2005 and performance indicators (such as screen detection rates, small tumour detection rates, recall rates, accuracy and interval cancer rates were improved from 2002-2006 to 2007-2009 (Loy, Molinar Chow, 2015).This study indicated that there is room for improvement in participation rate in breast cancer screening in Singapore by providing screening packages, reducing screening cost and targeting underserved populations. This study contributes to improve the participa tion rate of breast cancer screening programme for the effectiveness of the BreastScreen Singapore by providing training opportunities to the healthcare professionals. shock absorber of mammographic screening on ethnic and socioeconomic inequities in breast cancer stage at diagnosing and survival in New Zealand a cohort study.This study was conducted to determine the impact of differences in rates of mammographic screening on inequities in cancer stage at diagnosis and survival between Maori and Pakeha women. The researcher used Waikato Breast Cancer Register and the National Screening Database to comparability the data for diagnosis and survival between screen detected and non screen detected breast cancer by socio-economic status and ethnicity. The results indicated that there were lower rate of screen detected cancer in Maori women and also they had lower 10 year breast cancer survival rate as compared to Pakeha women (46.5% vs. 73.2%) (Seneviratne, Campbell Scott, et al., 2015 ).The study mulish that lower rate of screening detected breast cancer was the important reason for lower rate of survival for Maori women in comparison to European women. This study contributes to assess the screening rates, to improve the survival for Maori women and to reduce inequity for the breast cancer survival among Maori and New Zealand European women.An ongoing case-control study to evaluate the NHS breast screening programmeThis research was carried out to evaluate the national breast screening programme in England. This study estimated the effects of the national breast screening programme in regards to breast cancer relative incidence, fatality rate and over-diagnosis of breast cancer. The researcher has used quantitative methodology and retrospective case control study to describe the policy on mammographic screening. The findings suggested that there is decrease in incidence by screening, excess risk of disease in screened ages from 47-54 years and potential defici t in risk seen between the ages of 65-69 years up to 15 years of screening (Massat, Sasieni Parmar et al., 2013).This research concluded that case control evaluation strategy relates the clinical endpoints to the screening history. This study contributes to measure the effectiveness of the national breast screening programme in England, benefits on mortality from and on incidence of invasive primary breast cancer and harms from over-diagnosis.Audit and Evaluation processesEconomic evaluation of the breast cancer screening programme in the Basque Country retrospective cost-effectiveness and budget impact analysis.Economic evaluation is one of the most important forms of evaluation which measures the expenditure and their consequences and also describes about allocation of the resources (Cunningham, 2000). In this research, the researcher has used economic evaluation to measure cost effectiveness of the breast cancer screening programme in the Basque Country from 1996 to 2011. This study was mainly based on budget impact analysis and retrospective cost effectiveness evaluation to determine what resources are being used in programme and their costs as compare to outcomes (Arrospide, Rue Van Ravesteyn et al., 2016).Economic evaluation in this research took a step back and looked objectively in context to appropriate role and use of cost effective analysis in order to determine the outcome of the breast cancer screening programme. This research revealed that the breast screening programme was found to be cost effective within determined budget impact (Arrospide, Rue Van Ravesteyn et al., 2016).A review of breast cancer awareness among women in India Cancer literate or awareness deficit?Outcome evaluation identifies the effects of the programme in target populations by reviewing effectiveness of programme (Centre of Disease tick and Prevention, 2015).The researcher used outcome evaluation to determine awareness levels of risk factors for breast cancer among wom en and healthcare professional in India. This outcome evaluation was undertaken through a structured literature review by using bibliographic databases journals (Gupta, Shridhar Dhillon, 2015).The main settle of this outcome evaluation in this study was to assess the cancer literacy among women in India because of the rising incidence and mortality rates from breast cancer. Furthermore, the researcher concluded that there was a low literacy rate among Indian women regarding risk factors that causes breast cancer through this evaluation study (Gupta, Shridhar Dhillon, 2015).National Breast Cancer Screening Programme, Singapore Evaluation of participation and performance indicators. edge evaluation was conducted to assess how this breast screening programme is being implemented whereas outcome evaluation was conducted to measure the outcome and effectiveness of this programme (NYS Health Foundation, 2016). The researcher used outcome and process evaluation to evaluate the participa tion rates and performance indicators in the National Breast Cancer Screening programme in Singapore. Data was collected on women aged 40-69 screened during period of 2002-2009 from the BreastScreen Singapore and Singapore Cancer Registry (Loy, Molinar Chow, 2015). border and outcome evaluation was helpful to determine the rate of participation and performance indicators, to measure the quality of the programme delivered and to assess the effectiveness of the breast screen Singapore programme. This evaluation allows researcher to hit the books the performance of this Breast Screen Singapore programme and to recommend further changes if required.Impact of mammographic screening on ethnic and socioeconomic inequities in breast cancer stage at diagnosis and survival in New Zealand a cohort study.Impact evaluation measures whether the programme is effective in achieving its goal or not. Generally, it identifies long term effects and changes in outcome based on cause and effect analysi s (Collins, 2017). The researcher utilised impact evaluation to determine the impact of mammographic screening on ethnic and socio economic inequities in breast cancer stage at diagnosis and survival between Maori and European women. The researcher collected data by using National Screening Database and Waikato Breast cancer Register (Seneviratne, Campbell Scott, et al., 2015).Impact evaluation was carried out to measure the impact of screening programme on ethnic and socio economic inequities for breast cancer survival rate which can be useful for government to take necessary actions and to form policies in healthcare settings to reduce inequalities in health.An ongoing case-control study to evaluate the NHS breast screening programmeProcess evaluation determines the effectiveness of the programme and how well the programme is working (Community Interventions for Health, 2017). The researcher used process and impact evaluation to evaluate the national breast screening programme in England. Impact evaluation was helpful to identify the impact of breast cancer screening on breast cancer incidence and mortality. Data was gathered by traditional retrospective case control study of deaths and incidences cases of breast cancer in England within 2 years of period during this ongoing evaluation (Massat, Sasieni Parmar et al., 2013).The main purpose of impact evaluation is to see that breast cancer screening programme is working effectively and is doing well than harm. Process evaluation can help to ensure that the breast screening programme continues to deliver the predicted health benefits and potentially improve the programme by assessing the good and bad practices.Evaluative ModelThe (CIPP) fabric The CIPP evaluation baffle is developed by Stufflebeam in 1983 which provides comprehensive framework for the evaluation of the programmes. The CIPP model consists of four components which are context, Input, Process and product evaluation. The CIPP model mainly focu ses on improvement of the programme rather than justifying about the programme. The main purpose of this CIPP model is to offer critical and rational basis for the programme decision making by applying different aspects of this evaluation model according to the needs of decision makers and programme activities based on the planning and executing for the continuous improvement of the programme (Kellaghan Stufflebeam, 2003).The context, input and process evaluation approach are based on formative evaluation whereas product approach is useful for summative evaluation study. The four elements of the evaluation model must be taken into consideration otherwise it could reduce the effectiveness of the project. The context evaluation study can be conducted when a new programme is being planned which helps to identify the program goals and objectives by assessing needs whereas the input evaluation study can be conducted during resource allocation to assess the feasibility or the cost effe ctiveness of the alternate approaches. It provides systematic approach to programme design and helps the evaluators and experts to develop the programme which is most likely to work better (Frye Hemmer, 2012).Source Adapted from Stufflebeams CIPP Evaluation Model (1983). Retrieved from http//arcmit01.uncw.edu/jonesi/Evaluation.htmlThe process evaluation helps the evaluators and stakeholders to assess the implementation of the programme and to interpret the outcomes of the programme through document review, observation and participant interview. On the other hand, the product evaluation is similar to outcome evaluation which focuses on assessing the outcomes of the programme including positive or negative, short term or long term outcomes. In general, the CIPP model provides information about improvement of the programme, interpretation of the programme outcomes and information for accountability. However, careful planning is needed while applying this model. This model is useful fo r retrospective evaluation of a completed programme (Kellaghan Stufflebeam, 2003).This evaluation model can contribute to measure the effectiveness of the breast cancer screening programme run by Ministry of Health in New Zealand. The four elements of the model can be used to improve the programme by identifying the non-compliance of women for the breast screening programme. Auditing and evaluating the breast cancer screening programme helps to know the barriers and promote the awareness regarding breast cancer to provide living organism quality care services to the New Zealanders. Furthermore, staying healthier is one of priorities of the Ministry of health. It can be achieved through evaluating the programme and implementing a change accordingly if needed.Conclusion Evaluation research is an essential tool to evaluate the effectiveness of the programme or to know how well the programme is working. Evaluation research helps managers and stakeholders of the organisation to improve the performance of the organisation and to provide the quality care health services. Staff and clients can be encouraged to provide useful feedback about the programme which helps in decision making and policy formation about the programme and thus improving the services provided by organisation.ReferencesArrospide, A., Rue, M., Van Ravesteyn, N. T., Comas, M., Soto-Gordoa, M., Sarriugarte, G., Mar, J. (2016). Economic evaluation of the breast cancer screening programme in the Basque Country retrospective cost-effectiveness and budget impact analysis. BMC Cancer, 16(1). doi10.1186/s12885-016- 2386-yCentre for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). Types of evaluation. Retrieved from https//www.cdc.gov/std/Program/pupestd/Types%20of%20Evaluation.pdfCollins, K.B. (2017). What is Impact Evaluation. Retrieved from http//programs.online.american.edu/online-graduate-certificates/project- monitoring/resource/what-is-impact-evaluationCommunity Interventions for Health. (2017). Process Ev aluation. Retrieved from http//www.oxha.org/cih_manual/index.php/process-evaluationCunningham, S.J. (2000). Economics Economic evaluation of healthcare is it important to us? Retrieved from http//www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v188/n5/full/4800444a.htmlFrye, A. W., Hemmer, P. A. (2012). Program evaluation models and related theories AMEE Guide No. 67. health check Teacher, 34(5), e288-e299. doi10.3109/0142159x.2012.66863Gupta, A., Shridhar, K., Dhillon, P. (2015). A review of breast cancer awareness among women in India Cancer literate or awareness deficit? European Journal of Cancer, 51(14), 2058-2066. doi10.1016/j.ejca.2015.07.008Kellaghan, T., Stufflebeam, D. L. (2003). International handbook of educational evaluation. Dordrecht Kluwer Academic Publishers. Retrieved from http//link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-010-0309-4_4Loy, E. Y., Molinar, D., Chow, K. Y., Fock, C. (2015). National Breast Cancer Screening Programme, Singapore Evaluation of participation and performa nce indicators. Journal of Medical Screening, 22(4), 194-200. doi10.1177/0969141315589644Massat, N. J., Sasieni, P. D., Parmar, D., Duffy, S. W. (2013). An ongoing case- control study to evaluate the NHS breast screening programme. BMC Cancer, 13(1). doi10.1186/1471-2407-13-596Ministry of Health. (2015). Breast Cancer. Retrieved from http//www.health.govt.nz/your-health/conditions-and-treatments/diseases- and-illnesses/breast-cancerNational Screening Unit. (2014). BreastScreen Aotearoa. Retrieved from https//www.nsu.govt.nz/breastscreen-aotearoa/about-breast-screening- programmeNYS Health Foundation. (2016). Process Evaluation. Retrieved from http//nyshealthfoundation.org/our-grantees/grantee-resources/process- evaluationSeneviratne, S., Campbell, I., Scott, N., Shirley, R., Lawrenson, R. (2015). Impact of mammographic screening on ethnic and socioeconomic inequities in breast cancer stage at diagnosis and survival in New Zealand a cohort study. BMC Public Health, 15(1). doi10.118 6/s12889-015-1383-4The Health Foundation. (2015). Evaluation what to consider. Retrieved from http//www.health.org.uk/sites/health/files/EvaluationWhatToConsider.pdfThe New Zealand Breast Cancer Foundation. (2013). New Zealand Breast Cancer Facts. Retrieved from http//nzbcf.org.nz/BREASTCANCER/Overview/BreastCancerinNZ/Fastfacts.a spx