America’s Foreign Policy Essay Example for Free

Americas external Policy EssaySince the end of the dust-covered War, the relationship between the U.S. government and the media has become increasingly significant. Coupled with the number of humanitarian interpolations during the 1990s, it begs the question, how far is the media responsible for the creation of U.S. alien constitution? Somalia, a nation wracked by genteel war and famine, stirred the United farmings particularly the U.S. into action, but how far was the media responsible? It is argued that the CNN heart compete a substantial role in U. S. orthogonal policy, as it was displaying graphic images and news stories of the crisis to the U.S. creation, creating uproar over the post, and a demand to do something now. Combined with the medias ability to frame the news into a haughty or negative light, this demonstrates the power the media has over public opinion. This in turn created pressure on the policy-makers of the U.S. and the United Nations to act, whic h is demonstrated in physical process Continue Hope, and UNOSOM (United Nations Operation in Somalia)I and II.However, it is also argued that the collapse of the USSR, and the set out to create a modern World Order was a deciding factor in the U.S.s exotic policy. Without the constraints of competing ideologies and the USSR in the United Nations Security Council, the U.S. valued to develop a arena foreign policy based upon cooperation, economic victimization and humanitarian intervention for those in need. With the U.S. as the remaining smashing Superpower, it was considered their commerce to take the lead and show the reality how it is done hence the foreign policy concerning Somalia. It is in my judgment that the media played a substantial part in affecting U.S. foreign policy, due to the effect it had upon the U.S. citizens, and their outcry for immediate action. However, the media is not solely responsible for the actions of the U.S., as separate factors like the New World Order played its part too, which I shall demonstrate doneout this essay.The previous government, the Somali Democratic Republic, under the leadership of major General Mohamed Siad Barre, posed the question of who would succeed the ailing leader, who had been seriously injured in a car accident. This, and the lessening of its strategic importance in the final examination years of the Cold War, and the reduction of Soviet patronize, opened up in Somalia an opportunity for rebellion. The government was becoming increasingly totalitarian, performing human atrocities against resistance movements who wanted freedom from the military dictatorship. This eventually led to the outbreak of obliging war, the toppling of Barres regime, and a power vacuum, with various warlords vying for carry. When increasing reports of human atrocities, and starving citizens reached the supranational community, with viands prices rising by 800-1200%, President Bush, and the United Nations Securit y Council passed a unanimous resolution in December 1992, to deploy peacekeeping forces, and humanitarian relief to Somalia, aimed at stabilizing the situation, with all necessary means to guarantee the delivery of humanitarian aid in accordance to Chapter VII of the United Nations charter.The U.S. led United Nation forces initially met with success in providing aid to the nation, however, in 1995 United Nations peacekeepers were forced to withdraw after public opinion turned as a outcome of significant peacekeeper casualties, and its failure to capture General Mohamed Farah Aidid, the major warlord figure in the country. I shall now argue how the media held great responsibility for the U.S.s foreign policy in Somalia during the 1990s, due to the CNN effect. Since the end of the Cold War, the increasing willingness of Western governments to intervene militarily during humanitarian crises, coupled with significant levels of Western media attention to the consequences of distant civi l wars, raised substantive questions regarding the media-state relationship.Western media has enjoyed greater amounts of freedom since the toppling of the USSR, and the rise of U.S. hegemony, resulting in greater access to on-scene news articles, and the ability to show them to the rest of the world. Coupled with the development of the internet in the 1990s, CNN and other media stations are able to bring images and information to the public 24 hours a day. This is demonstrated when the initial U.S. marines who landed on the beaches of Mogadishu, were greeted by a swarm of American journalists and star correspondents, who had been given advance notice of the landing. With the ability to control what information is shown to their audiences, the media has a certain amount of control over public opinion, which in turn has an effect upon the government who represents them. For simulation, the U.S. government was already aware of the situation in Somalia before CNN shared the story, and yet was not compelled to intervene. However, once the story became public, the U.S., and the United Nations received a vast amount of pressure to acknowledge the situation, and act accordingly.This is known as a strong CNN effect, the ability of the media to steer the policy makers in the direction the media wants by influencing which images are shown to the public. By 1992, Somalia had become a non-functioning state. Its government and related services collapsed. Hundreds of thousands of Somalis had died, and estimated 1.5million Somali mint were in imminent danger of starvation, and another 3.5million to a lesser extent. All these images were shown by media stations like CNN to the world, capturing the sense of despair and devastation, and energising a mustiness do something now feeling, resulting in President George H. W. Bush to take the lead in the United Nations mission to prevent this humanitarian crisis. This demonstrates how the media had become greatly influential in U.S . politics, and why it holds a substantial amount of responsibility for the U.S. foreign policy in the initial invasion.Furthermore, just as the media had substantial trance on the U.S. entering Somalia in 1992, the media spendd this same influence to bring about the end of the humanitarian mission in 1995. In March 1993, the U.S. pushed for a more direct role in combating the various warlords in Somalia and protecting the citizens the United Nations mission had saved from starvation. This was approved by the United Nations Security Council effect 794, authorising the use of all necessary means to establish as soon as possible a secure environment for humanitarian relief operations in Somalia. This was met with support from the U.S. public, as during the early media reports of the intervention, words that were supportive and emphatic were used twice as many times as words which were little and distancing. This use of positive framing and optimistic language built a support for t he intervention. Initially, the U.S. led forces were successful, capturing high-ranking members of Aidids government, and preventing the massacre of Somali citizens.However, on the third October, the U.S. attempted to capture two high-profile lieutenants of Aidid in the city of Mogadishu, when two Black Hawk Helicopters were shot down by the Somali militia. The following rescue attempt turned what should have been an hours operation into an overnight standoff in the city. The battle resulted in 18 U.S. deaths, 80 wounded, and 1 helicopter control captured. This became known as The Battle of Mogadishu. In the wake of the battle, the media had access to images of the dead and battered American servicemen, and the victorious Somali forces parading the captured U.S. helicopter pilot Corporal William Durant through the streets of Mogadishu. Shockingly they also dragged the naked corpse of a U.S. soldier past a mob of Somali citizens who vented their anger by spitting on, lapidate and k icking the body, in the full view of the cameras. In light of this news, the media changed the framing of the Somali crisis, and began to challenge the government, highlighting the casualty ratings the U.S. forces were sustaining. While the public had strongly back up the former President Bushs decision to send U.S. troops to Somalia to stop the starvation, support had now almost vanished.On Capitol Hill, mounting calls for a breakup of U.S. troops rose to a level that newly elected President Clinton could not ignore, and announced the exit of U.S. troops by March 1994. Through the use of a strong CNN effect, the media completely turned U.S. public opinion on the Somali intervention. The starving Somali citizens, who had been the victims at the start of the intervention, had become the victimisers, who had attacked foreign soldiers who were trying to help them. The public opinion might not have deteriorated kind of so substantially, if the images accompanying the story had not be en present, or if the media hadnt worded their stories quite so negatively. After all, hearing about the deaths is one thing, to see it before your eyes is quite another. This therefore, demonstrates how the media, through the use of strong CNN effect, were able to steer public opinion into entering Somalia, and out of Somalia when the situation deteriorated.Although the media holds the majority of responsibility for the U.S.s foreign policy in Somalia, Presidents Bush and Clintons drive to create a New World Order also holds partially responsibility. In the wake of the Cold War, President George H. W. Bush and President Mikhail Gorbachev tried to define this new era, and the great spirit of power cooperation they hoped to see. This is highlighted in a speech by Bush, in which he indicated America and the world must defend common vital interests, support the rule of law and stand up to aggression.With this new drive to create a better world, one with cooperation between major powers , rebuilding the world and projecting a new world with greater prospects for a new millennium. Therefore, when humanitarian crises like Somalia arose, President Bush saw it as U.S.s duty as the richest and most powerful nation in the world, to lead the international mission to save these civilians from starvation. It was hoped, that along with saving those in need, the U.S. could inspire the rest of the world to share this image of a New World Order, and help build a better tomorrow. However, since the U.S. knew about Somalia before the media published the story, it doesnt suggest that the New World Order was the major factor in deciding to intervene in the crisis.In conclusion, the media was greatly responsible for the U.S. foreign policy in Somalia, and was, in my judgment, the main factor which decided the issue initially to intervene in Somalia, and then to exit. Firstly, through the use of a strong CNN effect, the media framed the issue, and showed images to the public in order to create uproar amongst the population. This was done in order to manipulate the policy-makers into examining the situation, and ultimately become involved. This is demonstrated by the images of starving civilians, and the chaos the various warlords and clans were creating end-to-end the nation. These tactics would develop a do something now feeling. Moreover, the media was also the leading factor in the U.S. exiting from Somalia, because the media station had changed the framing of the stories to negative and critical challenges of the governments mission in Somalia.This combined with the images of The Battle of Mogadishu, and the victimisation the U.S. soldiers had suffered, dramatically changed public opinion against the U.S. foreign policy in Somalia. However, the media was not the only factor in deciding U.S. foreign policy. President Bushs idea of a New World Order, one based on the ideas of superpower cooperation, economic prosperity and humanitarian intervention also play ed a part in why President Bush would send U.S. soldiers to Somalia.It was considered the U.S.s duty to help those in need, with the hope that their example could also inspire the rest of the world to accept the New Order, and help create a new and better world, rather than the conflict and tensions which had been experienced during the Cold War. However, the New World Order arguments are not as convincing as those for the conclusive influence of the media, as the U.S. government was already of aware of the situation in Somalia before the media developed the story, suggesting that it was the public outcry that decided the issue for the U.S.s policy makers. Which is why, it is in my judgment that the media holds the majority of the responsibility for Americas foreign policy in Somalia during the 1990s.Bibliography1. Taisier Ali and Robert Matthews, Civil Wars in Africa Roots and Resolutions, McGill-Queens University Press, Canada, 1999, p.p.1832. Ekaterina Balabanova, Media, Wars and Politics Comparing the Incomparable in Western and Eastern Europe, Ashgate Publishing Limited, Hampshire, 2007, p.p. 83. Arthur Banks Thomas Muller and William Overstreet, Political Handbook of the World 2008, CQ Press Publishers, Alexandria/US, 2008, p.p. 11984. George H.W. Bush, Address before a joint session of the Congress on the Persian disconnection Crisis and the Federal Budget Deficit, 909p.m. in the House Chamber at the Capitol, 19005. Jocelyn Coulon, translated by Phyllis Arnoff and Howard Scott, Soldiers of Diplomacy The United Nations, Peacekeeping and the New World Order, Les Casques Bleus Publishers, Canada, 1994 p.p. 786. Nina Fitzgerald, Somalia Issues, report and Bibliography, Nova Science Publishers Inc., New York, 2002, p.p. 267. George Kohn, Dictionaries of War, Facts on file Publishers Inc., New York, 2007, p.p. 5118. Piers Robinson, Operation Restore Hope and the Illusion of a News Driven Media Intervention, Political Studies 49, 2001, p.p. 941-9569. Piers Robinson, The CNN feeling The myth of news, foreign policy andintervention, Routledge Publishers, London, 2002, p.p. 110. Ken Rutherford, Humanitarianism under Fire The US and UN intervention in Somalia, Kumarain Press Publishers, Sterling, 2008, p.p. Preface xv11. throng Scott, After the End Making U.S. foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War World, Duke University Press, North Carolina, 1999, p.p. 33012. Richard Stewart, The United States Army in Somalia 1992-1994, Dept. of the Army Publishers, 2003 p.p. 2313. Warren Strobel, Late-Breaking Foreign Policy The News Medias influence on Peace Operations, United States base of Peace Press, Washington, 1997, p.p. 16714. United Nations Security Council, Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea, http//www.un.org/sc/committees/751/15. Thomas Weiss and Don Hubert, The Responsibility to Protect Research, Bibliography, Background Supplementary Volume to the report of the intern ational commission on intervention and state sovereignty, International learning Research Centre Publishers, Ottawa, 2002, p.p. 96 1 . Arthur Banks Thomas Muller and William Overstreet, Political Handbook of the World 2008, CQ Press Publishers, Alexandria/US, 2008, p.p. 1198 2 . Nina Fitzgerald, Somalia Issues, History and Bibliography, Nova Science Publishers Inc., New York, 2002, p.p. 26 3 . Taisier Ali and Robert Matthews, Civil Wars in Africa Roots and Resolutions, McGill-Queens University Press, Canada, 1999, p.p.183 4 . United Nations Security Council, Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea, http//www.un.org/sc/committees/751/ 5 . George Kohn, Dictionaries of War, Facts on File Publishers Inc., New York, 2007, p.p. 511 6 . PiersRobinson, The CNN Effect The myth of news, foreign policy and intervention, Routledge Publishers, London, 2002, p.p. 1 7 . Jocelyn Coulon, translated by Phyllis Arnoff and Howa rd Scott, Soldiers of Diplomacy The United Nations, Peacekeeping and the New World Order, Les Casques Bleus Publishers, Canada, 1994 p.p. 78 8 . Ekaterina Balabanova, Media, Wars and Politics Comparing the Incomparable in Western and Eastern Europe, Ashgate Publishing Limited, Hampshire, 2007, p.p. 8 9 . Ken Rutherford, Humanitarianism under Fire The US and UN intervention in Somalia, Kumarain Press Publishers, Sterling, 2008, p.p. Preface xv 10 . Thomas Weiss and Don Hubert, The Responsibility to Protect Research, Bibliography, Background Supplementary Volume to the report of the international commission on intervention and state sovereignty, International Development Research Centre Publishers, Ottawa, 2002, p.p. 96 11 . Piers Robinson, Operation Restore Hope and the Illusion of a News Driven Media Intervention, Political Studies 49, 2001, p.p. 941-956 12 . Richard Stewart, The United States Army in Somalia 1992-1994, Dept. of the Army Publishers, 2003 p.p. 23 13 . James Sco tt, After the End Making U.S. foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War World, Duke University Press, North Carolina, 1999, p.p. 330 14 . Warren Strobel, Late-Breaking Foreign Policy The News Medias influence on Peace Operations, United States Institute of Peace Press, Washington, 1997, p.p. 167 15 . George H.W. Bush, Address before a joint session of the Congress on the Persian Gulf Crisis and the Federal Budget Deficit, 909p.m. in the House Chamber at the Capitol, 1900

Pearl Harbor - Short Summary Essay Example for Free

pull together Harbor Short Summary EssayThree-hundred and sixty Japanese planes broke through the clouds above Pearl Harbor at 07. 55. The planes fireed in rows of two or three, dropping torpedoes at 100 knots from 70 feet. The first wave of planes destroyed US hangers and the planes in the neat, anti-sabotage rows. separate assails in the first wave were on Battleship Row, cruisers and other auxiliary ships. Most ships had numerous torpedo hits. To complete the destruction of the war ships, six submarines aid in the sinking and destroying of what was not already certain. When torpedoing planes left the vicinity, bombers carrying 1 600 pound bombs were sent to destroy any remaining ships. Overlapping the first wave of attack at 08. 40 was a second one. They concentrated on the not yet fully destroyed airfields. By 09. 45 any ship of the US Pacific Naval Fleet that was not on the Ocean floor was drifting help littlely. It the Arizona sank like an earthquake had struck it, a survivor remarked, 1 cc of his crew mates died. US troops returned from church or brunch to defend as best they could.Fighting until they drowned or were crushed by exploding debris, sailors, fliers and anti-aircraft gunners fought heroically to save their doomed naval base. By reason of the attack occurring in what Americans thought was peace time, much of the ammunition was locked away, leaving the defending US troops with little defense. In the end, the US had eight battleships, three cruisers and a large number of smaller vessels sink or rendered out of use. The Japanese lost 0 30 planes and five submarines.Although the destruction was not total, Japanese foremost naval strategist, Yamamoto, found the result better than he had anticipated . Military records state that the attack sank or destroyed 6 ships. US casualties included 2 500 as well as over 1 000 wounded. The Japanese lost less than 30 aircraft and about 55 men. The bombing of Pearl Harbor can be seen as a turning poin t in the war. Essentially, the war had been of in the first place European involvement, now it took a global turn. The bombing prompted a US declaration of war on the following day, as well as enormous American shock and outrage tempered by anger.The attack was dubbed a day of infamy by President Roosevelt, as no American could exonerate or forget the actions of the Japanese nation. The Japanese could not have devised a better way to rally the American citizens into full support for Roosevelt and his governments plan of US involvement in the war. A previous promise between British Prime Minister, Winstin Churchill and President Roosevelt was honored when Britain declared war upon Japan two hours later the US declaration. The events surrounding the bombing of Pearl Harbor prove the US handled the situation very poorly.Many opposing tactics were noted and ignored. Warnings were thought of as routine. Even survivors, who were fully aware of the Japanese tendencies of war on China, the government war warnings and their countrys unprepared state, still describe the attack as a surprise. The Japanese military strategies were intelligent and well executed although, the Japanese attack would not have been nearly as effective had the Americans not have been so blatantly ignorant. The US had no knowledge of the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, and it was their fault.

History of the Chinese War Strategy

History of the Chinese struggle dodgingINTRODUCTIONThe PLA has been beneath(a)going the strategicalal Transition from preparing for an early, total and nuclear fight in 1985 to a local anaesthetic and particular war in the current context. The PLA thought of the nature of these future local wars has been greatly influenced by the 1991 Gulf War and the experiences of 1996 mainland China Straits Crisis. PLA planners believe that future local wars will be a medium sized local war which could entail large scale ocean crossing and amphibious landing op sequencetions, counter offensive surgical operations in the telephone regions and repelling local foreign invasion. These wars be likely to manifest in wars involving national unification and disputes over maritime and land boundary issues.PREVIEWThe WZC concept was first recorded in 1979 when an adhoc practicable atomic number 18a dominate was organise during the Sino- Vietnam war. It is a doctrine developed for future force operations to be conducted in Chinas strategic neighbourhood as a limited war fought below Joint HQ. It entails limited objectives, greater central control with political settlement as the end result and considerable preparation. In order to develop an belowstanding of the concept, this paper is laid out as under-(a) Historical and Theoretical Perspectives of Chinese War Strategy.(b) Chinese Views on the Characteristics of Future Wars.(c) forces of Conflict.(d) Evolution of Chinese sea mile Doctrine.(e) War Zone Campaign.(f) Interpretation of Terms at Operational / Campaign level.HISTORICAL AND THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVEOF CHINESE WAR STRATEGYTransformation of the PLA. by and by Maos demise in 1976, saw the re-emergence of Deng Xiaoping. Under his political leadership, the military became disengaged from civilian politics and resumed the political quiescence that characterized its pre-Cultural Revolution role. Focus of military modernization was the repossess of military organization, doctrine, education and training, and personnel policies to improve combat feelingiveness in combined-arms warfare and the transformation of the defense establishment into a system capable of severall(a)y maintaining a modern military force. The reforms were implemented in the PLA from 1978-85.In 1985, the Enlarged Central soldiery Commission (CMC) endorsed Dengs shift in strategic thinking from preparing for an all out war to preparing for a local war. It carried out a review of sit and threats and concluded that there existed NO threat of early war, however a general war which could have a nuclear backdrop (nuclear war) was very much imminent.In 1995, the Enlarged Central military Commission (CMC) meeting chaired by Jiang Zemiin officially adopted the Two Transformations (liangge zhuanbian) as the policy for ground forces building to guide all prognosiss of PLA reform. It called for the Chinese army to undergo a metamorphosis from an army preparing to fight loc al wars under ordinary conditions to an army preparing to fight and win Local Wars Under innovational High -Tech Conditions and from an army establish on beat to an army based on quality.Key PLA Teachings on Military Strategy. In 1987 Science of Military Strategy was published by Academy of Military Sciences which reflected assortment in strategic thinking from total war to local war. It was for internal circulation (neibu) to all officers at the divisional level and above. This, however, offered limited approach to schema and was in the beginning based on Peoples War Under Modern Conditions (PWUMC) development positional and mobile warfare along with combined arms operations. It relied heavily on Soviet based invasion setting.In 1999, post Gulf War I, Science of Military Strategy was re-published by PLA issue Defence University (NDU) and formed the core didactics text for Strategy Course at NDU. The salient utmostlights were the broader approach to strategy, covering a pr oject of contingencies under modern hi-tech conditions and covered a range of varied objectives, intensity and lethality. This was followed by publication of Study of Campaigns in 2000. In 2001, AMS published open (gong kai) version of Science of Military Strategy in Chinese and, in 2005, the English version of the book was published.Theoretical Perspective. In general terms, Chinas military doctrine can be divided into four levels as under-(a) Junshi Sixiang (Military Thought).(b) Zhanlue (Military Strategy).(c) Zhanyi (Military Campaigns).(d) Zhanshu (Military Tactics).Military Thought. This forms the foundational principles and concepts of war fighting and military struggle. It gives out the basic views for guiding and planning the boilers suit status of military struggle. However, specific guidelines or rules for conducting military operations are not specified. The concept of strategic thoughts is closely linked to Maos military thought and some of the relevant concepts inclu de Active Def and Peoples War.Military StrategyMilitary Strategy, as per the NDU, is defined as planning and guidance for the overall situation of military struggle, including planning, deploying and guiding the construction and use of military force, to reach the effective motion of a stated political goal. It is described as a trinity comprising of Strategic Goals (zhanlue mudi) Ends, Strategic Guidelines (zhanlue fangzhen) Ways and Strategic Means (zhanlue shouduan) Means. Strategy links Military Thought and Campaigns by providing general guidance for planning and conduct of military operations. The scope of Strategy includes(a) Threat Assessments.(b) Overall Strategic Goals.(c) Strategic Direction.(d) fundamental Principles for conducting military struggle.(e) Means, methods and coordination of military struggle.Strategic Goals. Strategic Goals determine the ultimate political objective in any struggle and thus is linked to national interest. Strategic Missions (zhanlue ren wu) are the operational tasks undeniable for achieving strategic goals. Strategic missions and strategic goals are the comprehensive reflection of Strategic Circumstances (zhanlue xingshi) including the main features of world(prenominal) strategic situation and National security requirements. The focus of Strategic Goals during wartime includes operational aspects such as maintenance of initiative, destruction of adversary force. In peacetime, it is to safeguard national interests such as using military manner to create deterrence for a stable external environment.Strategic Guidelines. Strategic Guidelines consist of general principles and programs for guiding overall situation of a military struggle. It is a closest analogue to operational doctrine, though at strategic level only, as opposed to campaign or tactical level. past tense strategic guidelines include Peoples War Under modern Conditions and the current one being Local Wars under Modern High Tech Conditions. Organizat ional and operational modernization requirements for a force are determined from identification of appropriate strategic guideline.Strategic guidelines stipulate the spare-time activity (a) How to complete a strategic mission.(b) How to cognize the strategic goal by identifying key points of struggle.(c) acknowledgement of main Strategic directions.(d) Identification of Strategic deployments.Strategic guidelines are generally composed of five components (a) Identification of Strategic Opponent. It is based on the threat to national interest and the operational threat is based on the specific military nature of threat.Strategic Direction. It in the first place identifies the focal point of struggle and the centre of gravity for use of force to decisively shape the struggle.Basic Points of Preparations for Military Struggle. This refers to the type of struggle e.g. nuclear vs conventional.Basic Methods of Military Struggle. This includesTypes of Struggle. Combat Operations vs Dete rrence.Types of Strategic Operations. Offense or Defence.Main Operational Forms. Mobile Warfare or Positional Warfare.Types of Operations. Blockade or Ambush.(e) guiding Thoughts and Principles for use of Military Force. This includes the options of striking first or second (xianfa zhiren, or houfa zhiren) and Fighting a Protracted Warfare or Quick Decisive War.Strategy manifests in General (zong) or Specific Strategic Guidelines (juti zhanlue fangzhen). The WZC doctrine is a strategic guideline for Local War Under Hi-Tech Conditions (LWUHTC).Strategic Means. Strategic Means spells out ways and methods of using military force to hand an objective what and how to use including military and non-military means. This can be carried out in basically four ways which include (a) Actual combat operations in general or local war.(b) Deterrence operations which is the primary method to be used during peace time.(c) Warning operations which include strategic early warning, border disproo f and internal defence.(d) Combat readiness exercises including force build up, strategic troop transfers, adjustments in deployments, military exercises, weapons tests and war preparation tests.Spheres of Military Strategy. thither are three identified spheres of military strategy (a) Wartime Strategy (zhanzheng shiqi de zhanlue). This refers to periods of time when guild as a whole deals with war, such as general war e.g. countering an invasion as the only type of general war China power face.(b) Peacetime Strategy (heping shiqi de zhanlue). This refers to periods when nation is not in a general state of war. Peace should not be confused with absence of future struggle, but humiliated LIKELIHOOD of general war. It includes (i) Deterrence operations.(ii) Crisis managment.Local war.(c) Local War Strategy (jubu zhanzheng de zhanlue). This is a special type of problem that occurs during peacetime. It has been defined as war with limited objectives in a part of an area where limited armed force is used.Traditionally Chinese Strategy has laid much emphasis on the initiative. thence, the strategy advocated is pro-active vis--vis reactive. Successive literatures on strategy have overly re-emphasized that the operational or campaign level of operations is the most productive and rewarding for achieving political aims. The strategy adopted mustiness be futuristic and support future national aims or roles. It must ingredient in economy of options and weigh the cost-benefit evaluation of war i.e. whether to go to war and how lift out to profitably conclude it. The stated doctrine must overly conform to Chinas image and position of assertiveness after cytosine of humiliation. In order to ensure no direct threats to China there is a deliberate effort to gradually move towards capability driven from threat-driven which has been a fallout of emerging international / regional situation.CHARACTERISTICS OF FUTURE WARSCharacteristics of Future Conflict. round of the assessed characteristics of future conflicts are as under-(a) Future conflicts will be dependant in their scale, means and timing of war.(b) Objectives would be often political / diplomatic rather than military in nature.(c) Conflict processes will be under greater centralized control and political settlement will invariably be the end result.(d) Conflict resolutions will have to be carried out amidst complicated international background.(e) Even though wars would be limited in nature, they would require detailed and prolonged preparation.(f) Pre-emptive occupys would be a major form of action.(g) Costs of wars would be high despite their short duration.(f) Globalization and integration would result in spilling of economically deleterious effects of war.(g) Brief conflicts can best be handled by following the maxim killing the chicken to scare the monkeys.(h) Demonstrative operations would be essential for politically sensitive objectives.(j) A decisive result in conflict resolut ion will not be essential though welcome.(k) There are going to be political, economic and prestige payoffs resulting from conflicts and hence the need to factor in ways of exercising control over each one of them.(l) Cost-benefit evaluation of wars would be a major input in deciding the end-state decisions of conflicts.(m) indispensable perception management of the people will be a major factor in consolidating national efforts.LEVELS OF CONFLICTLevels of Conflict. The levels of conflict assessed to occur in beloved future are as under-(a) National Level. A national level conflict would involve national mobilization of resources. It will be characterized by centralized control by the CMC. The objectives and decisions in such a case would be strategic in nature (zhan lue xing).(b) Theatre level. A conflict at theatre level would involve the Military piece (MR) / MRs. The battle area under such circumstances would be called War Zone Front and overall control will be exercised by n ominated MR / HQ.(c) Campaign Level (corresponds to receive operational level zhanyixing). A campaign level operation would involve Combined Arms Gp Armies (CAGA) or gps of CAGAs (corps equivalents / groups of these). The area of conflict is termed as campaign zone (qu). In peacetime, the area of battle maybe under a Military Region or part of it in wartime, however, it would be referred to as war zone. The outcome of WZC directly affects certainization of national strategic objective. Equivalent weightage is granted (employed as appropriate to mission) to all four serve.EVOLUTION OF PLA DOCTRINEThe PLA Doctrine has evolved over the years commencing from its basic aim to defeat the Nationalist forces to ensuring territorial fairness and subsequently as a tool for diplomacy and external relations. It has transformed itself as under-Peoples War (Pre 1949 till 1960). The Peoples War doctrine, was the result of lessons learned from the War of Resistance a crapst Japan (1937-1945) , and emphasized the preparation of masses of foot soldiers and militia to engage in prolonged guerrilla warfare in Chinas vast interior. This era also marked the looming threat of total, nuclear war and the Chinese capabilities being almost defensive against any strategic nuclear attack. The Chinese strengths basically include space and people and hence basic Strategy involved mobilization of population, trading time for space and final counter-offensive to annihilate the enemy.(b) Peoples War under Modern Conditions (PWUMC). (1960 to 1985) This change in doctrine was a result of the changed perceptions post Sino-Soviet split in 1960. The strategy aimed to develop capability to check aggression forward to gain time for national mobilization and Peoples War. The Chinese strategy during the period was aimed at defeating a Soviet type invasion before it could penetrate deeply into China. It envisaged a forward defense that is near the border, to prevent attack on Chinese cities and in dustrial facilities, particularly in north and northeast China. Such a defense-in-depth required positional warfare, much closer to the border, in the initial stages of a conflict. This strategy downplayed the peoples war strategy of luring in deep in a protracted war. It also took into account the adaptations in strategy and tactics necessitated by technological advances in weaponry.(c) Limited War (jubu zhanzheng) Under Hi-Tech Conditions (LWUHTC) (Post-1985). This was promulgated after Dengs call for a review of the existing strategy. This came into being due to reduction in the Soviet threat due to Sino- US entente, the demonstration of hi-tech weapon systems employed in the Gulf War I and the post-liberalized growth of Chinese Comprehensive National Power (CNP). The strategy placed reliance on small, effective, hi-tech capable, tri-service integrated troops. It also stressed the need to fight away from borders or exclusive economic zone (EEZ).(d) Limited War under Conditions of Informationization (LWUCI). This f irst found expression in 2004 White Paper. Informationisation was to be treated as a Force Multiplier and it sought to integrate all available platforms or assets. This is also in uniformity with development of Chinese infrastructure and capabilities in their efforts to undergo RMA.WZC THE PLAs DOCTRINEFORCAMPAIGN IN WARZONESWZC. War Zone Campaign as a doctrine evolved for conducting a limited war under high technological conditions. Future campaigns under the doctrine will be fought by combined arms synergy utilise under unified conjunction didactics and control HQs. Such a HQ is created in theatre of operations by pooling in resources from Mil Region HQs and offrs from Gen Staff Department. WZC is an intermediate between Combined Arms GA (CAGA) army dominated command and total war where more than one war zones are worked up simultaneously. Salient characteristics of the WZC are as under-(a) The doctrine has been developed by PLA for future wars which are going to be limited wars and conducted in peripheral regions under a joint HQ.(b) It is a joint services campaign and an intermediate between military region and national (CMC) level campaign.(c) WZC is designed for a local / limited campaign but however its outcome determines realization of national objectives.(d) PLA Mil Regions already have AF / Navy on their orbat or under operational control.(e) PLA traditionally has been Mil Region-centric. WZC envisages imposition of another higher HQ to(i) Coordinate employment of troops of more than one Mil Region.(ii) Act as CMC representatives for employment / control of tactical, strategic and nuclear missiles.As it involves more than one MR, theatre-wide control, coordination and deception is ensured by imposition of this HQ.A recent example is of the Taiwan drumhead incident when the PLA was engaged in large scale exercises and firing rockets across the Taiwan Strait in 1996 when Gen Kui Fulin from GSD was superimposed on Nanjing MR and Guangzhou MRs and formed the Fujian Front.WZC in the Level of Conflict. WZC is an intermediate between Combined Arms GA (CAGA) army dominated command and total war where more than one war zones are activated simultaneously. In the spectrum of Level of Conflict it is short of a national mobilization but more than CAGA ops.PARTIAL MOBORTOTAL MOBWZCuniteARMSGP ARMYOPSSalient Features of the Doctrine.The doctrine envisages combined arms and joint service operations.In depth have. Aim is not to engage enemy at forward positions but in depth through infiltration, forced penetration, air projections and flank intrusions.There is a requirement of professionally and technically equal person to operate high tech advance equipment.It envisages mastery in outer space.Delegation of command to lower commanders as severe hindrances / loss of command during operations is envisaged.It places great emphasis on C4ISR systems.Interpretation of Terms. Certain all important(p) terms used in definition of the doctrine are as under-(a) Local and Temp Superiority (LATS) Concentration of Force at point of decision.(b) Trans-regional Sp Ops (TRSO) Flexibility.(c) Gaining Initiative by Striking archetypical (GISF) Initiative, Offensive Action, Pre-emptive Action.(d) Quick Battle, Quick closure (QBQR) Simultaneity of ops, Non- note of handarity, Tempo (Speed, Momentum).(e) Elite Forces, Sharp Arms (EFSA) Appropriateness, Economy of Effort.Implementation of WZC. The basic aim of WZC is to turn PLA inferiority into transcendency by three double strategy namely Elite Forces Sharp Arms (EFSA), Gaining Initiative by Striking First (GISF) and Quick Battle, Quick Resolution (QBQR). These are deliberated upon in win paras.Elite Forces Sharp Arms (EFSA)Elite Forces Sharp Arms (EFSA). What justifies EFSA is that limited nature of local war makes it possible to achieve local and temporary superiority through the concentrated use of the EFSA. The use of EFSA can be opt imized by their deployment, coordination and command.EFSADplyCoordTrans RegionalSp Ops (TRSO)Dply per seComdDeployment. A relatively new concept in this aspect is the Trans Regional Sp Ops (TRSO). Its implication at campaign level and at strategic level is as explained below-(a) At Campaign Level. Deployment of EFSA must be with the aim to achieve comprehensive strike effects, and for this forces must be carefully selected. The principle also advocates Dispersed deployment of optimal forces to deny enemy window of vulnerability and increment survivability of own forces and to achieve concentration of effects by concentrating destructive effects of these arms and forces which is the basic prerequisite for achieving local and temporary superiority.(b) At Strategic Level. It envisages deployment of the best available forces and arms from other Mil Regions to reinforce war zone where local war may occur. Such a trans regional support operation (TRSO) has many advantages-(i) It enhances political and diplomatic initiatives.(ii) Avoids sustained force deployment but optimizes readiness in the rear.(iii) RRU/RRFs ensure indirect forward presence by utilizing mobility.(iv) It may also prevent escalation as also enable local and temporary superiority in psychological terms.Coord. Coordination of sub campaigns is a must to achieve synergy of effect w/o inter service friction. It is aimed at permitting service commanders to coordinate and control respective services sub campaigns. As EFSA is associated with technology intensive services RRF, Special Ops Forces (SOF), Navy, AF, Sec Arty the relationship between services / branches has to be defined by equality and partnership in a joint services campaign. Hence coordination of joint service campaigns is a crucial issue for succeederful conduct of WZC.Principles of Coordination of Joint Campaigns.(a) Coordination is centered on whichever service that conducts the sub campaign. It calls for a heightened sense of province and initiative by service commanding officers.(b) An important aspect for coordination is the timing and manner of transition from one phase of the campaign to another for example from electronic to air sub campaign, to sea denial and crossing operations, then to amphibious landing and ground operations. The coordination between discordant services is also very important during transitions to reduce internal chaos and friendly fire casualty.(c) Coordination in stratagem (e.g. outflanking troop movement to divert enemy forces to secondary fronts) is important to determine whether local and temporary superiority will be achieved on the primary front.(d) A common method of coordination is mutual dispatch of service representatives to coordinate air-land, air-sea or sea land operations.(e) Modes of coordination are strike zone based, target based and timing based.(f) Most important coordination mechanism is establishment of joint force command.Principles of Command. A joint command i s established with deputy commanding officers from Air force, Navy and Sec Arty. The joint command formulates joint services operational plans and conducts inter service coordination. Some issues related with command are as under(a) Extent and Timing of Centralised Command. Command must be centralised during planning. However during execution, a decentralize command and service autonomy are desirable.(b) Traditional Mil Region command organs are ground force dominated and hence could be a potential for inter service friction during implementation.(c) Under WZC, a joint command is established using the present Mil Region command as nucleus.(d) The joint command may have higher proportion of command and staff officers from services other than the army as necessitated by the requirement..32. Trans Regional Sp Ops (TRSO).(a) This deals with concentration of EFSA at strategic level.(b) It aims at deployment of best forces and arms from other Mil Regions to reinforce the War Zone e.g. Ra pid Reaction Forces (RRF), missiles, AF etc.(c) It focuses on development of rapid chemical reaction forces and capabilities in the rear while maintaining a moderate level of forces deployed forward.(d) It contributes to achievement of local and temporary superiority.(e) TRSO stresses on tech based mobility and effectiveness to achieve its aim.(f) Enhances political and diplomatic initiatives by maintaining reduced forces in the fwd areas and de-escalating tensions.Capabilities RRF.(a) Adaptation and responsiveness are the two key elements of RRF.(b) It is intended for quick reaction to deal with internal security (IS) and local / ltd border conflicts.(c) These forces are maintained at full strength with all terrain and all weather capability including selection training for 48 hours.(d) They have the capability to reach anywhere in any Mil Region within 24 to 48 hours.(e) RRFs of 15 AB Corps can reach anywhere in China within seven days.Gaining Initiative By Striking First (GISF) Gaining Initiative By Striking First (GISF). Increased precision and lethality of high tech weapons causes unprecedented destruction. Under such conditions the side that strikes second may lose momentum and face the prospects of defeat. As also the demarcation between first and second strike will be less relevant and hence by carrying out first strike a local and temporary superiority may be achieved. However, first strike may not lead to temporary initiative if the enemy is rise up prepared and anticipates the strike. This can be ensured by element of surprise and initiation of the initial battle of the campaign. GISF is hence associated with the beginning of the campaign.Gaining Initiative by Striking First instalment of SurpriseInitiation and InitialBattle of the CampaignNote China will not be averse to striking first ?Element of Surprise. There are two key issues while considering Element of Surprise. If adversary is well prepared and anticipates strike, effect is reduced hence the need for element of surprise. There is a requirement of identifying enemy intentions and capabilities and simultaneously concealment of PLA intentions and capability. This can be achieved by concealing the real and demonstrating the false by employing conventional / asymmetric, electronic and civil-military means.(a) transparence of En Intentions and Capabilities.(i) At the Strat Level. This can be achieved through long term, systematic and institutionalized study and analysis of military target especially with regard to his war fighting doctrine, styles, command, organization and weapon systems.(ii) At the Campaign Preparation Level. This can be achieved by acquiring and affirming intelligence with regard to the enemy by perpetually monitor enemy movement, weapons and targets by the use of satellites, surveillance ships, planes, radars, radios and human intelligence.(b) Successful Concealment of PLAs Intentions and Capabilities. Modern technology enables effective surveillanc e and difficult concealment. Non tech means employed in 1991 Gulf War resulted in successful concealment achieving local and temporary superiority. Also fighting the battle close to Chinas borders would increase success of concealment.Methods of Concealment. Some of the measures which may be employed to confuse the adversary about timing, place, scale, nature and direction of the campaign initiation are-(a) Create a situation of internal intensity and external relaxation i.e. political and diplomatic means be employed to conceal strategic intentions.(b) Concealing the real (hiding real forces by camouflage).(c) Demonstrate the false (use of dummy planes, ships, tanks, vehicles, artillery pieces and use reserve militia to show false deployment).(d) Blending the real with the false and illusory with the substantial (mixing real and substantial forces with false and illusory ones, meshing forces with civilian facilities).(e) Electronic measures (ECM, deception, ECCM).37. Initiation and Initial Battle of the Campaign.(a) There is a contradiction between active defence as a central principle of PLA military operations and first strike (GISF in fact becomes a central component of active defence).(b) windowpane of opportunity for first strike is the period between the failure of political and diplomatic initiatives at the strategic level and completion of enemy deployment between the ens strat plectrum and his strat probe.(c) The outcome of the first battle would be crucial to determine whether local initiative is seized or not and hence it is necessary to Throw a properly and superior initial strike force into the initial battle.(d) In order to maintain the advantage created by the initial battle, resolute, active and continuous offensive must be carried out to deny enemy breathing space.Quick Battle Quick ResolutionIf GISF is the beginning of the campaign, QBQR is the conclusion. QBQR deals with prosecution and conclusion of the campaign. The importance of QBQR arises from the fact that border wars fought for disputed territories will be limited to a confined area and not for total conquest of a country. Hence, there is a need to subdue the conflict and achieve final resolution at one stroke. QBQR seeks to avoid prolonging of war as (high tech weapons would also cause extensive damage to own military and civil infrastructure in the event of a prolonged war. As the PLA is deemed inferior in technology, the enemy may regain and counter strike to cause PLA a defeat if war is protracted.QBQRINFO OFFENSIVEOFFENSIVE OPSMOBFIRE POWERAMBUSHSOFT pour downHARD KILLCONTINUOUSDEEP STRIKEVERTICAL STRIKEMOB SURPRISE ATTACKMethods to Achieve QBQR. Mobility and Offensive operations are the two key concepts to achieve QBQR.Mobility. Mobility is a pre-requisite for carrying out continuous and dynamic offensives. Mobile Warfare is dependent on good infrastructure and complex logistics but these leave adequate pinch for the enemy to pick up. Whether local information superiority can be achieved will determine whether QBQR can be realized in PLAs favour. Counter reconnaissance is advocated to achieve information superiority (neutralise ens C4I by use of anti svl satl measures, laser and kinetic energy, particle beam wpns and other measures) which also helps in achieving surprise. There is a need to mitigate threats to mobility from air by integrated air defense measures required to defeat over-the-horizon (OTH) beyond-visual-range (BVR) missiles and their launch platforms, smart bombs, stealth tactical aircraft and attack helicopters (AH).Modes of Mobilization. Employing various modes of mobilization may enhance deception or reduce exposure and casualty, thus improving the odds of local and temporary initiatives. These include(a) Exterior Line Mobilization. This involves establishment of one or several inter-connected mob

Examining The Early Churches Strengths And Weaknesses Religion Essay

Examining The Early Churches Strengths And helplessnesses Religion EssayThe purpose of this essay is to see how the church service began 2,000years ago, with a small group of disciples em springed by the set apart Spirit, who preached, and taught, healed in synagogue, and everywhere they went, lives and society was changed in the see of the professional Jesus Christ.The Strengths of Early ChurchThe azoic church did not just scratching to grow after Jesus ascension by its own enthusiasm. The disciples on the day of Pentecost were all together in one place. hotshot of the strength of the early church is their ability to wait on god. Jesus instructed his disciples to wait (Matt 2819-20, Luke 2449) first for the Holy Spirit in order to do the drub he commissioned them for. The disciples waited until when the Spirit descended on them on the day of Pentecost. The power received at the out pouring of the Holy Spirit enabled them to fulfil their mission. wait is sometimes part of Gods plan in order to be truly effective.Descent of the SpiritThe apostles and disciples were the first recipients of the outpouring of the spirit with the evidence of speaking in tongues (Act 26). They received power to function like Jesus Christ to preach the gospel with boldness, with signs and wonders following. The disciples spoke in prophetic speech that people of various nationalities represented at Jerusalem recognised their languages, which drew their attention unto God. Peters sermon on the day of Pentecost led to revival that caused salvation of over three gram people. Followed by diverse forms of miracles, and healings enhancing the circularize of the gospel.The Church was BoldInitially the disciples were very timid. But after the outpouring of the Holy Spirit they were filled with boldness to do mighty works and witnessing effectively. The outpouring of the Holy Spirit inspired evangelism and proclamation of the gospel of Jesus Christ. From the day of Pentecost when P eter spoke to community of believers the gospel has spread from Jerusalem to Syria, Asia, Europe and Africa. Despite persecutions, oppositions, imprisonments, plots they neer relent, they kept on moving never dare to go to a new place to preach the sound out of God.The Early Church was very PrayerfulAnother characteristic of the early church was that they are very prayerful, committed to Gods will through prayer (Act 114). As it faces challenges the churches always came together to pray so that healings, miraculous signs and wonders will take place (Acts31-3, 41-10).The Church was in one accordOne of the strengths of the early church is unity. The church was one, and there was no proliferation in the body of Christ. There were house fellowships where believers met for teachings and breaking of bread. None of the early Christians felt that what they had was their own they never allowed any of the brethren to suffer when others had plenty. The unity brought by the Holy Spirit increa sed loyalty, commitment and love for God. Without unity, the church could not concord survived therefore they had everything in common. consummate miraculous signs and wondersSigns and wonders followed the apostles everywhere they went. The healing of the man at the Beautiful gate by Peter and John created a stir in Jerusalem that saved five thousand people (Act 31-3). The early Church did much miraculous work through the help of the Holy Spirit as the Lord had done. They confirmed the gospel with great power, miracles and abundant grace as they spread the good news. A lot of people were attracted to the early church by expressions of Gods power at work.People of PrayerThe early Christians devoted themselves to prayer. They understood that Gods kingdom could only be manifested in its full power through fervent prayer. (Act 114, 242, 31, 64, Eph 618). In those days devote Jews pray 2 or 3 times a day and it was the bespoken of the disciples to follow this devotion. Peter and John went to pray at the temple (Acts 31), while Luke and Paul did the same (Acts 1616). God rewarded Cornelius for keeping to hours of prayer (Act10).Weakness of the early churchExternal Opposition The early church was not without its own problem. The church experience both miracles and opposition the same time. There is impertinent opposition from Judaic leaders who became uncomfortable with message of Christian liberty preached by the early believers, which undermined Jewish legalism. Besides the opposition from religious circle believers constitute themselves in conflict with social patterns of the day, because they no longer participate in emperor worship, refused to take part in bloody roman sport and irreligious shrines. As a result persecution arose, legion(predicate) were exiled, killed, mocked and imprisoned.Jewish and Gentile Conflicts God has no favourite nation or race, he only favours and accepts anyone who turns from sin and believed him. The Apostles ab initio want all people to be saved but did not understand that salvation was no longer restricted to Israel alone, but for everybody. The Jewish-Gentile conflict is the superior barrier to the spread of Gospel in the 1st century. Until the issue was resolved, in council at Jerusalem, it was a barrier.Administration as the early church increased in size, so did her take aways and challenges. The new believers were moved by the Holy Spirit to share their possession (Acts 4 32-37). But as the numbers increased, it became difficult for tolerable distribution of goods to meet the needs of everyone. The Hellenist believing widow felt neglected. To rectify this, the Apostles created the office of deacon to oversee the physical needs of the people. Later we see the bucolic epistle written by Paul to Timothy and Titus, about the spiritual and character qualification expected for church leadership in order to keep the church from false teachings (1Tim 31-13, Tit 15-9).Dishonesty and Greed In order to gain recognition Ananias and Saphira lied about their giving to the church. (Moreover any injustice move in the church prevents the working and movement of the Holy Spirit). God dealt harshly with the couple in order to reveal his hatred to all greed, craft and dishonesty in the kingdom.The Peril of Heresies The early church was not immune against false teachers and heresies. Already Jesus had warned his disciples several times in the Gospels to catch up with out for leaders who would introduce destructive heresies among Gods people (Matt. 2411, 2424-25). For example the book of Jude was written against false teachers who are distorting the gospel of Gods rejecting traditional Jewish and Christian teaching about morality, advocating sexual licence. In their teachings they denied original apostolic revelation about the person and nature of Jesus Christ (Jude 8, 16, 2pet 2 1-34).Comparism amongst the early church and the church instantlyThe early church relied much on the leading of the Holy Spirit to get the gospel to the whole world, which I believe todays church need to learn from. Paul and Barnabas were commissioned by the Antioch church through the leading of the Holy Spirit, were directed by the spirit of God to specific areas to be a witness on their missionary journey. Our evangelistic or missionary moves should be according to the leading of the Holy Spirit. (Act 13 1-5).Churches today do so many things in the name of the Lord with ulterior motives. Many at times we tend to do what we want in the name of the lord rather than what Gods want. The early churchs motives were pure. Their aim was to spread Christianity as far as they could.Some churches today are being run under the intellect of men not of God. The Spirit of God had being relegated or given a minor role in the church. Making many worship centres to overlook power thus dry and lukewarm. During the apostolic age the early church was established on apostolic pattern. But tragically the chu rch today have departed from apostolic faith and doctrine but patterned itself according to human ideas and modern thought that now proliferate our churches today.ConclusionThe gospel cannot be confined to one corner of the world. Therefore what the early church did is possible in our generation. The church was bold, filled with power because the early disciples were committed to the task of evangelising the world. Churches need to be committed to the work of soul winning and world mission, for example in the west secular humanism has become the dominant philosophy for many and the church is not immune to all this. We need to be more involved in world issues by ministering to the social ills of our environment, by our evangelistic move.

how climate change affects MISC Berhad

how temper change affects MISC BerhadThe aim of this notify is to identify the effects of humor change towards MISC Berhad. MISC berhad is a company renowned for its exaltation table service doneout the knowledge do main(prenominal). As one of the biggest firms in Malaysia, MISC has a re shedation to maintain as non only as one of the longest shipping companies established, exactly withal one of the largest shipping company in the world. Without a doubt, climate is a of the essence(p) issue in the present and also the upcoming future. Due to the effects of climate change, mankind itself is at risk to hazardous and even fatal threats. The world has come united to find ways to reduce outpourings of developed or developing countries to the minimal as possible, like in the Copenhagen Summit. None the slight, Malaysia took minor but meaningful steps like the no plastic bag days in selected states in the country.The four bottom lines were used to evaluate the performance of MIS C Berhad. To counter the ever changing needs, MISC Berhad implements economic and financial bottom line, social, purlieual and corporate governance bottom line to fill the needs and look its survival in the industry. Through group brainstorming, it would be as core grouped that MISC Berhad would be abnormal by climate change in various aspects. Pressure from extraneous forces, a lower in total sales, delay of shipping time, the well-being of employees on board the ship and an increment in cost are problems the company would face through climate change. The problems would be stratified through K.T. Situational Appraisal which would in minute result in knowing the main problem, which in this case is the pressure from external forces. The the duncker diagram, KT Problem Analysis and Decision Analysis was then prepared in accordance to the main problem.As the climate differs from time to time, MISC Berhad would need to prepare itself for the threats face and ensure that problem s would be of minimal impact to the company. MISC Berhad would need to eradicate the pressure from external forces to keep a fair reputation in hand. The company would report its status to the stakeholders on a timely basis and make necessary amendments to the company to further enhance its performance. The company should also practice environmental companionate activities within the company and not only reduce its carbon footprint of its operations.The report also further discusses some solutions to the main problem face by MISC berhad, where MISC Berhad should negotiate with the WWF and other environmentalist organizations to reach an applicable and practical solution to the carbon footprint left by the company to mother earth.Table of circumscribeTopicIntroduction1.1 Bottom lines a. Economic and Financialb. Socialc. Environmentald. Corporate GovernanceBackground IssuesProblem Statement and Ranking SelectionSolutions precept testimonyConclusionReferencesAppendices1.0 Introd uctionThe idea of this report is to study how climate change is impacting on MISC Berhad and how MISC Berhad is responding to the changes. MISC Berhad was integrated in 1968 as Malaysia International Shipping tidy sum Berhad and is the top international shipping line of Malaysia (MISC Berhad 2010. It is currently the third largest shipping corporation in the world by market capitalization (MISC Berhad 2010). From being further a shipping line in 1968, MISC has become a fully integrated maritime, offshore floating solutions, heavy engineering and logistics service provider (MISC Berhad 2010). Now, with a modern and well-diversified task force, MISC provides steadfast, safe, well-organized and competitive shipping services twain locally and internationally. MISCs vision is to be a global champion in the provision of logistics services and supply chain solutions (2004 MISC Integrated Logistics Sdn Bhd). In addition, its goal is to entirely service its customers global oil transport requirements.Lately climate change has taken a first-time turn in the recent past. Global warming has caused climate change due to the increase of average earth temperature in accordance of what is known as the greenhouse effect. As the greenhouse gases accumulate in the atmosphere the Earth gets hotter (Young People Trust for the Environment). In addition to that, Televisions, lights and computers use electricity that is created mainly from burn atomic pile coal. Every time we switch on a light we are adding to the greenhouse effect (Young People Trust for the Environment).Due to the climate change, protecting the environment in which the ships operate is vital. The company are conducting tests for use of a new hull coating system to reduce emissions that volition pollute the environment (Impressions of AET 2009). rock oil spill training was organised to aware them of the oil spill awareness.1.1 Bottom Linea. Economic and FinancialMISC berhad reports its companys cash flow and financial statuses through a series of statements which are available in the annual report. The company recorded an operating profit of RM1, 914.4 million from RM2, 585.7 from year of 2008. Data shows that the company suffered a decrease in profit of RM671.3 million which is equivalent to 26% against the profit of year 2008. MISC berhad reports that this loss was mainly caused by the loss in the Integrated Linear Logistics member (MISC annual story 2009).MISC would be affected economically and financially by climate change as MISC is a shipping company and serious stand alterations would greatly impact on shipping schedule and arrival of shipments. Customers of MISC would be in risk of having important deliveries arriving on a delayed period where not only would MISC suffer a loss of profit, but also the customer would be losing valuable resources which are in need. Consumers of MISCs services would have unsatisfactorily deny usage of the companys service as due to climate chan ge, consumers would rather use companies of nearer distance or even opt to pay more(prenominal) for on time deliveries. MISC might lose credible customers and thus be reduced of profit to the company. Knowing the risks involved in the climate changes occurring, MISC bear opt for the transporting vehicles used to be upgraded to a faster speed to reduce travelling period. MISC fundament also consider using eco-friendly upgrading to further ensure reduced problems in the future as the transportation used by the company consumes a high capacity of fuel which will in turn price the environment.b. Corporate Social ResponsibilityThe social bottom line pays concern on the effects of every action taken by a company towards the society welfare (Elkington 2005). CSR is about the interaction of the corporation with the legal and social obligations of the societies in which it operates, and how it accounts for those obligations (WBCFD 2010).MISC had built the youth development which focuses on education that cerebrate to their core business and personal development. Moreover, MISC had built a maritime training academy which is known as Akademi Laut Malaysia (ALAM) to ensure that youth have the skilled and efficient personnel as well as to stay on course towards becoming a leading maritime nation. Furthermore, MISC also provided sponsorship for students to further their education for both locally or overseas. Consequently, MISC are also caring for their corporate citizen as to create avenue for their personnel.c. Environmentald. Corporate GovernanceThe Board of Directors of MISC Berhad is devoted in ensuring the highest standards of corporate governance are practise throughout the MISC Berhad Group (MISC Berhad Annual Report 2009). The Board fully supports the principles of Corporate Governance as laid down in the Malaysian Code of Corporate Governance. Corporate Governance is the key to achieve competent and high quality shipping operations that delivers quality to customers and stakeholders (MISC Berhad Annual Report 2009). The Board of Directors of public listed companies are required to maintain a sound system of internal control to safeguard shareholders investment and the Groups assets (MISC Berhad Annual Report 2009).Additionally, the company is coping with low global demand and reductions in trade volume (MISC Berhad Annual Report 2009). They will find out new value-added services and realign its business strategies in the non-energy section to improve its position in the coming year (Impressions of AET 2009). The business keeps its shareholders and other stakeholders informed of its decision making routine by defining risk parameters and standards guided by the corporate objective (Impressions of AET 2009). This is to maximise long term shareholders value at the same time as meeting the needs of the customers, employees and all related stakeholders.2.0 Background IssuesThe main issue discuss by our group is the pressure from the exter nal force followed by less profit generated due to decrease in sales and shipping time delayed.The green organizations are established to give limits and encourage companies to reduce their emissions that can harm the environment. Thus, this is one of the pressures from the external force that can be able to influence the customers perspectives. For representative, WWF will notify the company to reduce shipping activities due to the emission of carbon dioxide and if no action is taken, the company would face serious hardship.As the world is working towards saving the environment, there will fewer purchases on petroleum, coal that will harm the environment. If certain companies would want to save the environment and prevent less of climate change that drastic, this will affect MISCs sales too. This will cause a fall in the number of sales.Thirdly, the shipping time to reach its destination might be delayed. The melting of polar ice causes sea level rises which makes more surd for t he ship to harbor. The company might want to be prepared for the extreme and highly variable environmental conditions, principally in the Southern Ocean, for example (Impacts of Climate Change on the Maritime Industry Conference 2008).3.0 Problem Statement Ranking SolutionAccording to the K.T situational appraisal (Appendix 1), it ranks the problem by their splendor (Fogler LeBlanc 2008). In this case, the top ranked issue of climate change that affect MISC is the pressure from external force such as WWF and IMO. According to WWF Malaysia (2010), they recognises that the role of line and Industry (BI) as catalysts to reduce the CO2 emission and may at best become part of the solution to CO2 reduction. Therefore, this will directly affected the MISC as WWF aims to engage with BI in working towards changing practices as a solution to climate change. For IMO (2009), work on prevention of air defilement and control of greenhouse gas emissions from ship engaged in international trade is their main objective.Secondly, the issue for MISC would be the sales decreased. This is due to the production of petroleum and chemical is the cause of climate changed, thus it will force to reduce the production and directly affected the sales of MISC. Moreover, the third ranked problem is the shipping time delayed as the sea level had increase due to the ice melting in the North Pole lead vessel difficult to anchor safely. The forth ranked issue is the safety of employees as the natural disaster could cause in danger situation during shipping time. Lastly, the fifth ranked problem for MISC is the cost increased as they need to build more advances mechanism for their ships that has clean emission.K.T. Problem Analysis (Appendix 2) is one of the most useful tools in troubleshooting an operation (Fogler LeBlanc 2008). The major problem is the pressure from external force but is not from the internal force. The distinction is the WWF put pressure on MISC as the emission from ship ping caused air pollution which is the WWFs concern. The problem occurred globally but not only happened in Malaysia. The reason is the emission of CO2 is not confined by territorial borders but in the atmosphere. The problem occurs when shipping activities are operating on the ocean but not anchor on the harbour. However, shipping activities is the main business for MISC. The extent of the problem is the related to the business theater of operations which produce CO2 lead global warming but not the business field that doesnt affect the climate change. The distinction is able to track and control the amount of CO2 that emitted.From the Duncker diagram (Appendix 3), the top problem for MISC is the pressure from external forces. If okay to do work the problem, the solution would be the try to fulfil WWFs concern by reducing the shipping activities. Besides that, it can negotiate with the external force which is to make concord with the IMO or WWF. Moreover, MISC can change the majo r transportation from shipping to submarine or airplane. On the other hand, if it is not okay to solve the problem, the solution can be increase the corporate social responsibility by sponsoring for environmental campaign. Furthermore, it also can try to fulfil other stakeholders by providing better service for customers.4.0 SolutionsAs the main issues is the pressure from the external force, less profit generated due to decrease in sales and shipping time delayed.The suggested solutions to encounter the pressure from the external force would be trying to fulfill WWFs concern by reducing shipping activities or negotiate with WWF to come out with an agreement. In addition, upgrading the tanker that can reduce the emissions of gas will be another suggested ways.On top of that, to maintain the profit, the company would have to lower the price of the petroleum as it would be less expensive compared to an alternative ways that is less harmful to the environment.Lastly, the company would have to upgrade the tanker engine and set up branch companies in overseas land. This mean they would have the storage there and then, so whenever there is orders nearby it could be deliver as soon as possible.5.0 Rational RecommendationAfter deliberation and a further understanding of the companys needs, our group would recommend MISC Berhad to negotiate and reach a consensus with the IMO. Besides that, MISC Berhad should also put its involvement in caring for the environment as one of its major priorities. Our group also recommends the shipping company to place a larger sum of its revenue into research to reduce the current level of emissions given out by the companys operations. These steps would aid MISC berhad to have peaceful and good remarks from multiple major environmentalist organizations as the company has taken a huge leap into achieving an eco-friendly company. It would build a reputable name for the company and it would also be seen as a pioneer of shipping companies w hich took the first steps into reaching an environmental goal.6.0 Conclusion

Magical and Realist Elements of Like Water for Chocolate by Laura Esqui

Magical and Realist Elements of Like water supply for Chocolate The novel Like Water for Chocolate, published in 1989, was written by Laura Esquivel who is of Spanish heritage. She lives in Mexico, and Like Water for Chocolate was her first novel. I feel that in the story Laura Esquivel gives a lot of magical elements as well as just about accreditedist elements in order to evoke emotions about love. While reading Like Water for Chocolate, I thought that how the girl named Tita was non allowed to marry the guy she love and how she had to watch her sister marry him was interesting. However, I thought that the element was somewhat magical when she was making her sister Rosauras wedding cake, and at the same time, she was thinking of Pedro whom she is in love with and he is now marrying her sister. As she was thinking of him, she began to cry. As she was crying, a tear drop went into the cake, and they were afraid that it messed up the meringue. I have not baked much, especial ly using meringue, but I felt that part was a little magical to me.On the other hand, I found the fact real that a person can be in love with somebody else while he or she is acquire married. However, I am not accepted if there are people out there who marry somebody just so they can be closer to their family member. The fact that her mom did not want Tita to get married was real because people can and do sometimes get upset when they do not want their child getting married. She showed a lot of emotions. Also, preparing for the wedding was a realist element. Many things appeared to be real. One does argue with family members, and daily events happened. Doing chores and cooking are obviously realist elements. However, many realist elements are brought up. Havi... ...on give see magical as well as realistic elements. If one is interested in Like Water for Chocolate, there are many websites he or she can go to. There is plenty of information on Like Water for Chocolate. Works Cited Chanady, Amaryll. The Territorialization of the Imaginary in Latin the States Self-Affirmation and Resistance to Metropolitan Pilgrims. Magical Realism. Theory, History, Community. Ed Lois Parkinson Zamora and Wendy B. Faris. Durkham, N. C Duke UP, 1995 125-141 Esquivel, Laura. Like Water for Chocolate. New York Doubleday, 1989. Love and Other Illegal Facts. Esquivel, Laura. October 1996. 19 Jan 2001. http//www.salon.com/oct96/interview961104.html Smith, Joan. Laura Esquivel on Like Water for Chocolate, destiny and the thoughts of inanimate objects. The Interview Love and Other Illegal Acts. October 1996. 19 Jan 2001

South Beach Diet Essay -- Health, Diet

History of South Beach pabulumThe South Beach fodder is a nutriment plan designed by cardiologist Arthur Agatston and dietician Marie Almon. In 1995, Dr. Agatston developed a diet to prevent heart disease for his cardiac and diabetes patients. According to the South Beach Diet website, Agatstaion knew that a low-fat diet would reduce cholesterin and prevent heart disease, scarce patients had a hard meter sticking to the diet. Agatson wanted to find out the reason why his patients had a hard time sticking to the low-fat diet. So he turned to David Jenkins, who was working with insulin resistance. After researching with Jenkins, Agatstion free-base out the reason why the low-fat diets was not working because patients on low-fat diets where consuming to a greater extent simple sugars and carbohydrates which was causing the insulin resistance and cycles of hunger. Also Agastaion was investigating the low-carbohydrate diet but he felt it didnt have enough fiber and had too a great deal saturated fats. Agagaston wanted balance in his diet so it would kindle the best results. (South Beach Diet Online, 2010) Agatstion made the The South beach Diet found on eating healthy carbohydrates and fats and eliminating the bad carbohydrates and fats. According to Mary Hager in her article The South Beach Solution, the South Beach beach diet cuts out the bad fats which are the saturated fats that include hydrogenated oils and trans fat. Also it cuts trim the bad carbohydrates, the refined and process foods. Hager states His plan emphasizes eating the good fats--olive and canola oils--and good carbs, including vegetables, legumes and unanimous grains.(Hager,2004,p.63) After Agatston developed the South diet based on these principles, he started to do assessments on his patients who... ...on how to follow physique 1 (the firstborn two weeks) and Phase 2 (the next ten weeks) of the South Beach Diet, eating ternary meals and two snacks per day. The results of the re search showed that after Phase 1, the participants descrease weight, personate percentage, and waist circumference. The results by the participants contrast tests and the researchers concluded that the South Beach Diet helped the participants with their loss of weight and body fat.Evaluate the Nutritional Adequacy of the DietSouth beach Diet during the first phase is not a well balance diet. Phase 1 focuses on mainly the meat, vegetable, diary, and oil food groups leaving out the grains and fruit group. In order to well balance diet you need to have completely the groups incoraprated into the diet. After Phase 2 the diet is less restricted and is more equilibrize because it incorporates all the food groups. South Beach Diet Essay -- Health, DietHistory of South Beach DietThe South Beach Diet is a diet plan designed by cardiologist Arthur Agatston and dietician Marie Almon. In 1995, Dr. Agatston developed a diet to prevent heart disease for his cardiac and diab etes patients. According to the South Beach Diet website, Agatstaion knew that a low-fat diet would reduce cholesterol and prevent heart disease, but patients had a hard time sticking to the diet. Agatson wanted to find out the reason why his patients had a hard time sticking to the low-fat diet. So he turned to David Jenkins, who was working with insulin resistance. After researching with Jenkins, Agatstion found out the reason why the low-fat diets was not working because patients on low-fat diets where consuming more simple sugars and carbohydrates which was causing the insulin resistance and cycles of hunger. Also Agastaion was investigating the low-carbohydrate diet but he felt it didnt have enough fiber and had too much saturated fats. Agagaston wanted balance in his diet so it would produce the best results. (South Beach Diet Online, 2010) Agatstion made the The South beach Diet based on eating healthy carbohydrates and fats and eliminating the bad carbohydrates and fats. A ccording to Mary Hager in her article The South Beach Solution, the South Beach beach diet cuts out the bad fats which are the saturated fats that include hydrogenated oils and trans fat. Also it cuts down the bad carbohydrates, the refined and process foods. Hager states His plan emphasizes eating the good fats--olive and canola oils--and good carbs, including vegetables, legumes and whole grains.(Hager,2004,p.63) After Agatston developed the South diet based on these principles, he started to do assessments on his patients who... ...on how to follow Phase 1 (the first two weeks) and Phase 2 (the next ten weeks) of the South Beach Diet, eating three meals and two snacks per day. The results of the research showed that after Phase 1, the participants descrease weight, body percentage, and waist circumference. The results by the participants blood tests and the researchers concluded that the South Beach Diet helped the participants with their loss of weight and body fat.Evaluate th e Nutritional Adequacy of the DietSouth beach Diet during the first phase is not a well balance diet. Phase 1 focuses on mainly the meat, vegetable, diary, and oil food groups leaving out the grains and fruit group. In order to well balance diet you need to have all the groups incoraprated into the diet. After Phase 2 the diet is less restricted and is more balanced because it incorporates all the food groups.